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Author: 


Marsh,  Christopher 

Columbus 

Title: 

A  course  of  practice  in 

bool<-keeping 


Single- 
Place: 

New  York 

Date: 

1855 


MASTER    NEGATIVE   * 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
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Marsh,  C[Iiristopher]  Columbus,  b«  1B06 

A  course  of  practice  in  single-entry  book-keeping,  im- 
proved by  a  proof  or  balance,  and  applied  to  partnership 
business  ...  By  C.  C.  Marsh  ...  New  York,  D.-Appleton 
8Hd-company,-1859r  Riker,  1855. 

142  p.  incl.  forms.    24*". 


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MARSH'S  COURSE  OF  PRACTICE 


IN 


SINGLE -ENTEY  BOOK-KEEPING, 


A  COURSE  OF  PRACTICE 


IN 


SINGLE  -ENTRY  BOOK- KEEPING, 


IMPROVED 


BT 


A  PROOF  OR  BALANCE. 


AND 


APPLIED  TO  PART:N^ERSHIP  BUSINESS: 

DESIGNED   FOR   THE   USE   OF  MERCHANTS,    CLERKS,    AND   SOTOOLS  ;    COMPRISING  A  SERI3S   Of 

mercantile  transactions,  arranged  to  form  a  complete  course  of  practice; 
adapted  to  the  wholesale  and  retail  business  in  the  united  states. 

By   C.    C.    MAESH,    Accountant, 

AUTHOR  OF  "DOUBLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING  SIMPLIFIED,"  &a 


%: 


daJfl^MIKs  t;il|  , 


i' 


NEW    YORK: 
PUBLISHED    BY    JOHN    C.    RIKER, 

129   FULTON   STREET. 

1855. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1863, 

By   C.    C.   marsh, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  in  and  for  the 

Southern  District  of  New  York. 


I    X  \ 


\ 


1^ 


STEREOTYPED    BY   C.   C.    SAVAGE, 

13  Cbambors  Street,  N.  Y. 


PREFACE. 


There  are  two  kinds  of  book-keeping  —  double-entry  and  single-entry.  In 
the  former,  things  and  property  are  personified  and  become  debtors  and  cred- 
itors in  the  same  manner  as  persons ;  while  in  the  latter,  accounts  are  kept 
only  for  persons,  who  alone  have  accounts  in  a  book  called  a  Leger,  and  be- 
come debtors  and  creditors  as  they  owe  us  or  we  owe  them.  They  are  both 
very  useful  branches  of  practical  knowledge,  and  deserve  attention.  Double- 
entry  has  received  a  large  share  of  attention  by  authors  who  have  written  on 
it,  but  it  appears  that  single-entry  has  not ;  for  among  the  numerous  systems 
that  have  of  late  been  published,  not  one  is  an  attempt  to  improve  single- 
entry.  This  state  of  things,  however,  is  not  peculiar  to  this  subject ;  we  often 
witness  neglect  where  attention  is  most  needed. 

I  have  not  attempted  to  improve  the  single-Aitry  method  of  keeping  ac- 
counts by  complicating  it  —  by  rendering  it  half  double  and  half  single.  No  ; 
it  is  still  simple  single-entry  book-keeping,  and  I  assure  my  readers  they  will 
find  it  such. 

That  method  of  keeping  accounts  commonly  denominated  single-entry  has 
always  possessed  one  great  fault  or  defect,  viz.,  inability  to  prove  that  the  ac- 
counts were  free  from  errors.  In  consequence  of  this  deficiency,  innumerable 
errors  may  pass  for  ever  undiscovered,  perhaps  to  the  great  pecimiary  loss  of 
the  person  in  whose  books  they  exist. 

• 

My  aim  in  this  book  has  been  to  banish  from  the  single-entry  method  that 
great  and  other  small  faults,  and  to  place  before  the  public  a  criterion  for  the 
simpler  method  of  keeping  accounts,  so  that  it  may  be  taught  to  advantage  in 
schools,  since  it  is  so  much  practised  out  of  them ;  and  that  it  may  be  practised 
with  better  success  by  those  who  choose  to  adopt  the  method  of  single-entry  in 
the  accounts  of  their  business. 

The  first  improvement  is  the  proof  or  Trial  Balance :  the  absence  of  a  proof 
has  been  the  well-known  objection  to  single-entry.  It  can  not  now  be  urged, 
for  it  IS  cancelled  in  this  volume.  Accounts  can  be  kept  by  single-entry  and 
proved  or  balanced  monthly,  quarterly,  or  yearly,  with  the  same  precision 
as  in  double-entry.  The  plan  proposed  in  this  system  enables  us  to  prove  that 
every  sum  in  the  Leger  is  posted  correctly  ;  that  every  column,  long  or  short, 
is  added  correctly,  and  that  every  balance  is  correctly  struck  or  obtained.  This 
proof  is  as  conclusive  as  the  proof  in  the  science  of  double-entry  book-keeping 
—  the  difference  being,  that  in  double-entry  the  Leger  contains  more  accounts. 


6 


PREFACE. 


viz.,  accounts  for  all  our  property,  as  well  as  of  the  persons  whom  we  owe  or 
who  owe  us. 

In  the  second  place,  I  have  introduced  the  common  account-books  so  neces- 
sary in  every  business,  given  to  them  definite  forms  and  rules,  and  filled  them 
with  mercantile  transactions  —  not  transactions  unconnected  and  improbable, 
but  regularly-connected  incidents,  such  as  would  be  produced  by  the  natural 
routine  of  business.  Let  it  not  be  imagined  that  simply  buying  and  selling 
merchandise  are  all  the  transactions  that  occur  in  business,  because  they  are 
far  short  of  it.  A  merchant  buys,  sells,  receives  payment,  pays,  borrows, 
lends,  exchanges,  draws,  accepts,  and  performs  many  other  transactions,  most 
of  which  would  be  materially  changed  by  a  slight  variation  in  the  conditions. 
It  must,  .herefore,  be  apparen.,  sinL  Jok-keeping  is  .he  disposition  of  busi- 
ness  transactions  in  certain  account-books,  that  there  is  no  effectual  method  of 
teaching  book-keeping  but  that  of  conducting  the  pupil  through  a  variety  of 
business  transactions ;  by  his  making  the  entries  of  each  as  it  occurs,  and  be- 
coming familiar  with  the  account-books  from  frequently  using  them. 

The  importance  of  a  comprehensive  variety  of  business  is  not  equalled  by 
anything  in  making  up  a  course  of  practice  for  the  student  to  pass  through ;  it 
is  as  impossible  to  learn  book-keeping  without  a  sufficient  variety  of  transac- 
tions, as  it  is  to  learn  to  siiim  without  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water.  If  no 
business  transactions  are  presented,  no  ideas  of  book-keeping  can  be  commu- 
nicated. 

Even  with  its  deficiencies,  single-entry  book-keeping  is  more  used  than 
double-entry  ;  and  the  utility  of  a  good  and  an  improved  system  of  the  former 
is  too  apparent  to  be  for  a  moment  doubted.  It  is  wanted  by  thousands  who 
have  not  time  to  acquire  the  double-entry  system  —  by  thousands  whose  busi- 
ness does  not  require  the  double-entry  system  —  by  thousands  who  are  too 
young  to  learn  the  double-entry  system — and  by  thousands  it  is  needed  as  a 
book  preparatory  to  studying  double-entry  book-keeping. 


The  plan  or  order  of  the  contents  is  simple,  and  can  not  but  meet  with  the 
approval  of  all  who  may  have  occasion  to  use  the  book  in  schools  or  for  self- 
instruction.  The  first  part  of  the  volume,  about  fifty  pages,  supplies  the  busi- 
ness for  the  pupil.  The  transactions  that  make  up  the  three  months,  are  more 
than  a  hundred  in  number,  and  being  varied  and  business-like,  are  calculated 
fully  to  develop  the  practice  of  the  art  and  to  give  a  serviceable  knowledge  of 
trade  and  commercial  intercourse.  Accompanying  each  of  these  transactions 
is  an  explanation  informing  the  student  to  what  account-books  he  will  turn, 
and  what  entries  the  transaction  requires.  The  second  part  of  the  volume 
contains  the  account-books  in  which  the  business  embraced  in  the  first  part  is 
properly  entered  or  disposed  of.  This  arrangement  makes  one  part  of  the 
book  the  art,  and  the  other  part  the  instruction  ;  a  much  better  plan,  I  think, 
than  that  of  amalgamating  the  two :  the  latter  robs  the  account-books  of  that 
appearance  so  peculiar  to  accounts,  which  it  is  important  they  should  possess, 
and  renders  them  a  kind  of  nondescript. 


PREFACE.  7 

In  the  Leger,  it  will  be  observed  that  I  have  not  used  the  prepositions  To 
and  By,  but  have  substituted  that  of  For,  My  reason  for  so  doing  is  to  make 
the  sentences  better  correspond  with  the  meaning.  In  double-entry  the  To 
and  By  are  correct,  because  things  become  debtors  and  creditors  the  same  as 
persons ;  but  in  single-entry  the  meaning  is  different,  and  we  write  — 

John  Sims  Dr. 

For  Merchandise $40  00 

by  which  we  mean  that  he  is  debtor  to  us  for  merchandise ;  but  in  double- 
entry  we  write  — 

John  Sims             is             Dr.             to  us  for  $40  00 

We  are  Dr.    To  Merchandise $40  00 

and  we  mean,  not  only  that  Sims  is  debtor,  but  also  that  Merchandise  is  cred- 
itor j  that  is,  Sims  is  debtor  to  us,  and  we  are  debtor  to  Merchandise — the 
words  in  italics  being  understood  in  double-entry. 

It  is  presumed  that  the  forms,  calculations,  questions  and  answers,  will  an- 
swer well  the  purpose  for  which  they  are  designed. 

Single-entry  book-keeping,  which  has  heretofore  existed  but  as  a  name  of 
something  imperfect,  is  now  presented  to  the  public  in  a  complete  and  tangible 
form,  improved  by  the  invention  of  a  method  of  proving  or  balancing  the  ac- 
counts, and  by  being  subjected  to  definite  forms,  books,  and  rules ;  calculated, 
it  is  believed,  to  answer  the  wants  of  the  public  on  this  subject,  and  to  fill  a 
vacancy  of  long  duration  in  the  list  of  necessary  school-books. 

THE  AUTHOR 
New  York,  March,  1853. 


DIEECTIOKS   TO   TEACHEES. 

Supply  the  pupil  with  a  set  of  blank-books  and  a  copy  of  this  work.  Com- 
plete sets  of  blank-books  for  practice  (six  to  the  set),  arranged  by  the  author, 
may  be  obtained  of  the  publisher. 

The  pupil  will,  thus  prepared,  proceed  with  the  business  of  May,  making 
entries  in  all  the  books,  except  the  Leger,  according  to  the  instruction  which 
follows  each  transaction.  The  entries  in  the  Leger  will  be  commenced  at  the 
end  of  each  month. 

In  the  Day-Book,  Invoice-Book,  and  Sales-Book,  let  the  entries  be  well 
separated  from  each  other  by  leaving  two  or  three  lines  space  between  them. 
Let  the  pupil  make  all  the  calculations  in  the  Invoice  and  Sales  Books,  draw 
or  write  the  notes,  and  calculate  the  time  at  which  they  become  due,  for  the 
Bill-Book.  (Continued  on  page  143.) 


CONTENTS. 


UTY 


Preface pag«  6 

Directions  to  Teachers 7 

Introduction 9 

Names  of  Account-Books,  and  their 

Uses 10 

Rules  for  the  Account-Books U 

Opening  Books — Partnership 12 

Business  of  May  — 
Embracing  Transactions  relating  to 

—  Opening  of  a  Set  of  Partnership 
Books  —  Capital  advanced  —  Pur- 
chases for  Cash  —  on  Credit  —  at 
Time,  and  on  Notes — Delivering 
and  Receiving  Notes  for  former  Pur- 
chases—  Lending  Money — Settling 
Accounts  —  Paying  Expenses,  <fec . .  12 

Posting,  Explanation  of 17 

Trial  Balance,  Explanation  of 18 

Trial  Balance,  in  form 19 

Balancing  Cash-Book 20 

Busmiss  OF  Junk  — 
Embracing  Transactions  relating  to 
— Purchases  and  Sales — Collections 
in  Notes  and  Money  —  Delivering 
our  Notes  with  Interest — Receiving 
Notes  with  Interest  —  Passing  the 
Notes  of  Others — Accepting  Drafts 
— Discounting  Notes —  Discounting 
our  own  Notes — Settling  Account 
against  a  Partner -— Notes  Due  and 
Paid — Sight  Drafts  passed  to  Ac- 
count, (fee.,  <fec. 21 

Trial  Balance  of  June  30 27,  28 

BusnCBSS  OF  Jui-Y  — 
Embracing  Transactions  relating  to 

—  Collections  in  Notes  and  Money 

—  Paying  our  Acceptances  —  Re- 
ceiving Drafts  at  Si^ht  and  Time  — 
Receiving  Notes  with  Interest  for 
Balances  of  Accounts  —  Selling  and 
Drawing  Drafts — Commission  Busi- 
ness—  Making  Shipments  on  our 
Account — Lending  Money  on  Notes 
—Settlement  with  our  Clerk —  Ren- 
dering Account-Sales  —  Accepting 
Drafts  at  Time  —  Rendering  Ac- 
counts-Current, (fee 29 

Trial  Balance  of  July  80 84 

Balance-Sheet,  in  Form 87 

Bfllance-Sheet,  Explanation  of 88 

Calculation  of  Profits  of  Business.  .36-38 


[Part  of  the  book  is  paged  at  the  foot.] 

Calculation  of  Profits  on  Sales  .  .pagk  106 

Division  of  Net  Capital ^.87,  88 

Closing  Accounts 38 

Opening  Accounts 39 

Remarks 39 

100  Questions  to  Review  the  Student — 

On  the  Cash-Book 40 

On  the  Invoice-Book 40 

On  the  Sales-Book 40 

On  the  Bill-Book 41 

On  the  Shipment-Book 41 

On  the  Day-Book 41 

On  the  Leeer 41 

On  Business  Transactions 42 

On  the  Trial  Balance 42 

On  the  Balance-Sheet 42 

100  Answers  to  the  Qitotions  Re- 
viewing THE  Student 43-46 

Day-Book  —  begins  at 49 

Note  on  the  Day-Book 48 

Leger — begins  at 67 

Note  on  the  Leger 67 

Cash-Book  —  begins  at 95 

Note  on  the  Cash-Book 96 

Invoice-Book  —  begins  at 101 

Note  on  the  Invoice-Book 101 

Sales-Book  —  begins  at 107 

Note  on  the  Sales-Book 107 

Shipment-Book 100 

Biix-BooK 117 

Note  on  the  Bill-Book 117 

Meecantile  Forms  — 

Account-Current — simple 122 

Account-Current  —  with  Interest.  .124 

Account-Current— Averaged 126 

Account-Sales 128 

Bill  of  Purchase 129 

Bill  of  Charges 129 

Bill  Receipted 129 

Orders 180 

Notes,  promissory 180 

Drafts 181 

Acceptances 94,  131 

Receipts 181 

Letters 182 

Mercantile  Calculations — 

Discount  and  Interest 184 

Divisor  "  6,"  explanation  of .185 

Interest  at  any  Rate,  how  found  .  .185 

Commission ..187 

Insurance 188 

Ec[uation  of  Payments 189 


A  COURSE   OF  PRACTICE 


ni 


SIMLE-ENTRY    BOOK-KEEPING 


IMPROVED. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  art  of  Single-Entry  Book-Keeping,  in  its  present  improved  state, 
teaches  to  record,  systematically  and  free  from  error,  the  various  transac- 
tions of  business  or  the  mercantile  profession ;  so  that  the  merchant  may- 
know  his  pecuniary  situation,  possess  ability  to  substantiate  his  claims 
and  protect  his  property,  and,  at  dissolution,  may  leave  behind  him  evi- 
dence that  will  enable  his  friends  to  understand  his  commercial  relations 
and  engagements,  and  to  wind  up  his  business  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 

To  exhibit  with  ease  and  uniformity  a  correct  and  continued  view  of 
the  commercial  transactions  that  take  place  between  ourselves  and  those 
with  whom  we  are  concerned,  we  deem  it  necessary  to  introduce  the  fol- 
lowing books : — 


1.  Cash-Book, 

2.  Invoice-Book, 

3.  Sales-Book, 

4.  Bill-Book, 


5.  Day-Book, 

6.  Leger, 

7.  Shipment-Book. 


Of  these  books,  the  Day-Book,  Leger,  Cash-Book,  and  Sales-Book, 
appear  indispensable  in  every  business  ;  while  the  others  rflay  or  may  not 
be  required :  thus,  for  instance,  if  there  are  no  promissory  notes  given  or 
received,  there  would  be  no  use  for  a  Bill-Book ;  if  there  were  no  ship- 
ments made  for  ourselves,  then  a  Shipment-Book  would  be  useless ;  and 
if  the  bills  of  purchases  were  filed  away  in  extra  good  order  (that  is, 
folded,  endorsed,  numbered,  and  tied  up  in  monthly  or  quarterly  pack- 
ages), an  Invoice-Book  might  be  dispensed  with. 

Cash-Book. — This  book  contains  every  sum  of  cash  received  or  paid. 
The  entries  should  be  made  in  it,  at  or  as  near  the  time  of  receiving  or 
paying  as  possible.  The  debtor  and  creditor  pages  of  this  book  should 
be  added  and  subtracted,  in  a  brisk  business,  at  the  close  of  every  day, 
and  the  difference  between  the  debtor  and  creditor  columns  should  be  the 
sum  of  cash  on  hand. 


i 


10 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


STNGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


11 


Invoice-Book. — This  book  contains  a  minute  description  of  all  tlie 
merchandise  with  which  we  are  concerned.  Copies  are  made  in  this 
book  from  the  bills  of  goods  purchased,  or  received  into  our  possession 
to  be  sold  for  other  persons. 

The  amounts  of  each  page  are  added  and  carried  forward  to  the  next 
page ;  consequently,  the  whole  cost  of  the  merchandise  is  at  the  end  of 
the  Invoice-Book.  The  letter  "  E."  in  the  margin  of  this  book,  indicates 
that  the  purchases  have  been  entered— that  is,  carried  to  the  Day-Book. 

In  copying  in  this  book  the  invoices  of  goods  on  commission,  we  do 
not  extend  the  amounts  into  the  outer  column  for  dollars  and  cents. 

Sales-Book.— This  book  contains  a  description  of  all  the  merchandise 
we  sell  or  pass  out  of  our  possession. 

As  the  purchaser  selects  his  goods,  they  are  entered  in  the  Sales-Book, 
from  which  entry  his  bill  is  made  out. 

The  amounts  of  each  page  are  added  and  carried  forward  to  the  next 
page ;  therefore,  the  total  sales  of  our  merchandise  will  be  found  at  the 
end  of  the  Sales-Book.  The  letter  "  E."  in  the  margin  signifies  Entered 
— that  is,  carried  to  the  Day-Book. 

In  entering  the  sales  of  goods  on  commission,  we  do  not  extend  the 
amount  into  the  column  for  dollars  and  cents. 

Bill-Book. — This  book  contains  a  description  of  all  the  notes,  drafts, 
and  other  species  of  paper-claim  against  us  or  in  our  favor.  Those 
notes,  <fec.,  in  our  favor  are  shown  under  the  head  of  Receivable,  and  those 
against  us,  under  the  head  of  Payable. 

The  notes  are  put  in  a  secure  place,  and  all  information  relating  to 
them  is  obtained  by  a  reference  to  the  Bill-Book. 

Day-Book.— This  book  should  contain  statements  of  all  the  transac- 
tions in  our  business  which  give  rise  to  persons  owing  us,  or  to  our  owing 
them.  All  transactions  in  which  theje  are  debtors  or  creditors  are  to  be 
stated  in  the  Day-Book. 

Long  details  of  goods  bought  or  sold  are  not  to  be  made  in  the  Day- 
Book  ;  the  Sales  and  Invoice  Books  are  designed  to  show  the  particulars 
in  regard  to  the  quantity,  quality,  and  price,  of  merchandise  bought 
or  sold.  ° 

Leg ER.— This  book  contains  the  accounts  of  the  persons  who  owe  us 
or  whom  we  owe.  Its  contents  are  made  up  from  the  Day-Book.  The 
Leger  enables  us  to  see,  at  one  view,  all  that  a  person  owes  us,  and  all 
that  we  owe  him  ;  and  the  difference,  or  balance,  is  the  sum  to  be  paid. 

Shipment-Book. — This  book  shows  the  more  important  matters  rela- 
ting to  all  shipments  which  are  made  to  be  sold  for  ourselves      It  is 
ruled  in  columns  with  these  headings :  Number,  Date,  Consigned  to 
Cost,  Sales.  * 


THE    RULES. 


CASH-BOOK. 

Rule  1.  When  we  receive  money,  enter  it  on  the  debtor  side  of  the 
Cash-Book,  stating  of  whom  and  for  what  it  was  received. 

Rule  2.  When  we  pay  away  money,  enter  it  on  the  creditor  side  of 
the  Cash-Book,  stating  to  whom  and  for  what  it  was  paid. 

INVOICE-BOOK. 

Rule  3.  Describe  in  the  Invoice-Book  all  the  merchandise  which  we 
buy  or  receive,  but  do  not  extend  into  the  dollars'  column  the  amounts 
of  goods  received  on  commission. 

SALES-BOOK. 

Rule  4.  Describe  in  the  Sales-Book  all  merchandise  which  we  sell 
or  deliver,  but  do  not  extend  into  the  dollars'  column  the  amounts  of  goods 
sold  on  commission. 

[Small  retail  sales  make  an  exception  to  this  rule,  and  also  to  rule  1st ;  the  amount  of  these 
sales  is  found  in  the  money-drawer  at  evening,  and  is  entered  only  in  the  Cash-Book.] 

DAY-BOOK. 

Rule  5.  Every  person  who  owes  us  is  a  debtor,  and  every  person 
whom  we  owe  is  a  creditor ;  and  they  must  be  debited  or  credited  in  the 
Day-Book,  and  the  cause  or  transaction  stated  that  makes  the  person  our 
debtor  or  creditor. 

L  E  Gr  E  R. 

Rule  6.  Every  person  who  is  called  a  debtor  or  creditor  in  the  Day- 
Book  must  have  an  account  in  the  Leger,  and  there  be  debited  or  credited 
for  the  same  amount. 

BILL-BOOK. 

Rule  7.  Describe  in  the  Bill-Book  all  paper-claims,  notes,  drafts,  &c., 
in  our  favor  or  against  us,  authorized  by  our  signatures :  those  in  our 
favor  under  the  head  of  Receivable,  and  those  against  us  under  the  head 
of  Payable. 

SHIPMENT-BOOK. 

Rule  8.  Describe  in  the  Shipment-Book  all  shipments  made  to  be 
sold  for  our  account. 


19 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


THE  BUSmESS  OF  MAY: 

ConBisting  of  abont  thirty-Beven  Baainess  Transactions— flhowing  the  Openbp  of  a  Set  of 
Partiierahip  Books— Capital  advanced— Purohaeea  for  Caah— On  Credit— at  Time,  and  on 
NoieJi — Delivering  and  Receiving  Notes  for  former  Parchases— Lending  Money — Settling 
Accomit*— Paying  Expenaeu,  &c.,  &c.    Posting — Trial  Balance,  and  Balancing  Cask-Book. 

The  student's  attention  is  now  called  to  the  nature  of  business  transac- 
tions, a  great  variety  of  which  will  be  presented  to  him  on  the  following 
pages ;  what  debtors  or  creditors  they  give  rise  to,  what  entries  they 
require,  and  in  what  books  those  entries  should  be  made. 

The  student  will  suppose  that  he  and  his  partner  do  the  following 
business,  and  he  will  insert  his  name  in  place  of  that  of  C.  C.  Marsh, 
and  thus  become  one  of  the  partners.  His  manner  of  proceeding  will  be, 
first  to  read  the  transaction  that  is  supposed  to  occur,  and  then  to  turn  to 
his  account-books  and  make  the  entries  that  may  be  required,  according 
to  the  instruction  that  succeeds  the  transaction. 


Transaction  1 — May  4. 

We,  Jonathan  Smith  and  C.  C.  Marsh,  commence  business  with  a  cap- 
ital in  cash  of  $15,000. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  of  cash  advanced  by 
the  partners,  and  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  give  them  credit  for  this 
amount,  for  which  they,  individually,  are  creditors  of  the  Firm. 

Transaction  2 — May  4. 

We  buy  merchandise  for  cash  of  John  Stevens. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book,  copied  from  the 
bill  we  receive  of  Mr.  Stevens ;  and  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the 
amount  of  cash  paid.  Look  in  the  Invoice  and  Sales  Books  for  a  de- 
scription of  the  goods  bought  or  sold. 

Transaction  3 — May  5. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Pettis  &  Roome,  on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book — a  copy  from  the 
bill  we  receive ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Messrs. 
Pettis  <fc  Roome,  because  we  owe  them  for  the  merchandise.  The  ex- 
pression on  account  generally  means  to  be  entered  in  the  account  between 
the  parties. 

Transaction  4 — May  6. 

We  buy  merchandise  for  cash  at  auction. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book  of  a  copy  from  the 
bill  we  receive ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum  paid. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 
Transaction  5 — May  6. 


13 


We  pay  bill  for  drayage  at  several  times,  and  a  bill  for  store-fixtures, 
now  handed  in. 

Instruction. — These  transactions  require  entries  only  in  the  Cash- 
Book. 

Transaction  6 — May  7. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Hogan  &  Miller,  on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  of  the  goods  in  the  Invoice-Book ;  and 
make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  H.  &  M.  for  the  sum  we  owe 
them. 

Transaction  7 — May  8. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Hallet  &  Brown,  at  six  months'  credit,  but 
have  not  as  yet  given  them  our  note  for  the  amount. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  of  the  goods  in  the  Invoice-Book;  and 
make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Messrs.  Hallet  &  Brown  for 
the  sum  we  owe  them. 

Transaction  8 — May  10. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.,  on  our  note  at  ninety 
days. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book ;  and  one  in  the 
Bill-Book  describing  the  note  which  we  have  issued  against  us.  This 
transaction  requires  no  entry  in  the  Day-Book,  because  we  do  not  owe 
the  persons — ^the  note  being  a  payment. 

Transaction  9 — May  11. 
We  lend  cash  to  John  Stevens. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book,  and  one  in  the  Day- 
Book  to  debit  or  charge  Mr.  Stevens  for  the  sum  he  owes  us. 

Transaction  10 — May  13. 

We  have,  during  to-day,  retailed  merchandise  to  several  persons,  for 
cash  in  small  sums. 

Instruction. — These  sums  were  put  into  the  drawer  at  the  times  they 
were  received,  and  at  evening  we  count  the  money  (deducting  what  was 
put  in  for  change)  and  find  the  total  retail  sales  of  the  day  amount  to 
$28.64  ;  make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  only.  A  piece  of  paper,  with 
the  sum  on  it,  was  put  into  the  drawer  with  the  money  in  the  morning. 

Transaction  11— May  14. 

We  have  delivered  our  note  to  Hallet  &  Brown,  drawn  for  the  amount 
of  merchandise  bought  of  them  on  a  former  date. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  or  charge 
Messrs.  H.  &  B.  for  the  sum  we  have  paid  them ;  the  note  is  a  payment 
for  the  time  it  is  drawn.  Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  describing  the 
Note  we  have  issued  against  us. 


14 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


Transaction  12 — May  15. 
We  pay  to  Pettis  &  Roome  cash  on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  ;  and  one  in  the  Day- 
Book  to  debit  Messrs.  P.  &  R.  for  the  amount  we  have  paid  them. 

Transaction  13 — May  16. 

Charles  Simmons  has  handed  in  his  bill  for  Painting,  &c.,  in  our 
store  ;  the  amount  of  which  he  agrees  to  receive  in  merchandise  as  he 
may  want  it. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr.  C.  S.  for 
the  amount  of  his  bill,  for  which  we  owe  him. 

Transaction  14 — May  16. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Barclay  &  Livingston,  and  pay  them  in  note 
at  four  months  for  $200,  in  cash  $100,  and  let  the  balance  remain  on 
account— $120.22. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  of  the  merchandise  in  the  Invoice-Book; 
an  entry,  describing  the  note,  in  the  Bill-Book ;  an  entry  in  the  Cash- 
Book  of  the  sum  paid  ;  and  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Messrs. 
B.  &  L.  for  the  balance  unpaid. 

Transaction  15 — May  17. 

We  settle  our  account  with  Pettis  &  Roome,  by  delivering  to  them  our 
note  at  sixty  days  for  $200,  and  cash  for  $15.60. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  or  charge 
Messrs.  Pettis  &  Roome  for  the  sum  we  have  paid  them ;  make  an  entry 
in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note  we  have  issued,  and  one  in  the  Cash-Book 
of  the  money  paid  out. 

Transaction  16 — May  18. 

We  wrote  to  Jonathan  Jones,  Boston,  requesting  him  to  forward  to  us 
20  barrels  of  mackerel ;  these  mackerel  are  now  received,  and  his  letter 
informs  us  that  the  amount  is  $116.60 ;  we  pay  for  freight  and  drayage 
on  the  same,  $4.87. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book  of  the  mackerel ; 
and  in  the  Cash-Book  of  sums  paid ;  and  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr. 
Jones  for  the  amount  we  owe  him. 

Transaction  17 — May  18. 

We  sell  merchandise  to  Charles  Simmons  on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book  of  the  articles  sold , 
and  one  in  the  Day-Book  to  show  that  Mr.  Simmons  owes  us  for  the 
goods  sold  to  him. 

Transaction  18 — May  19. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  William  Lawrence  on  account. 
Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  and  Day-Book. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


15 


Transaction  19 — May  21. 

We  have  to-day  made  retail  cash  sales  of  merchandise  amounting  t<? 
$44.62. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  only. 

Transaction  20 — May  21. 

You  have  occasion  for  some  money  for  the  payment  of  your  personal 
expenses,  and  you  take  $25. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book ;  and  one  in  the  Day- 
Book,  to  charge  or  debit  yourself  for  the  sum  you  have  drawn  from  the 
business. 

[This  account  of  yours  will  afford  important  information,  viz. :  it  will 
show  what  was  your  capital,  what  have  been  your  personal  or  house  ex- 
penses, and  how  much  capital  you  have  kept  in  the  business.] 

Transaction  21 — May  22. 

William  Lawrence  gives  us  his  note  at  thirty  days  for  $100,  and  cash 
for  balance  of  his  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note  we  hold 
against  Mr.  Lawrence ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum 
received  in  cash  ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr.  Law- 
rence for  the  amount  he  has  paid  us — being  $142.08. 

Transaction  22 — May  22. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  W.  B.  Brown,  on  account. 
Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  and  Day-Book. 

Transaction  23 — May  23. 

We  have  during  to-day  retailed  merchandise  for  cash,  amounting  to 
$38.94. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  only. 

Transaction  24 — May  23. 

We  have  sold  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  account,  viz. : 
Charles  Simmons,  P.  S.  Thompson,  Henry  Small,  and  W.  S.  Christman.  " 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book ;  and  make  entries  in 
the  Day-Book  to  debit  or  charge  each  person  for  the  sum  he  owes  us. 

Transaction  25 — May  25. 

We  have  received  of  John  Stevens  the  sum  lent  him  the  other  day— 
$50  ;  and  also,  we  have  borrowed  of  him  $150. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  money  received; 
and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book,  to  credit  Mr.  Stevens  for  the  $200. ' 

Transaction  26 — May  25. 
We  have  retailed  merchandise  during  to-day,  for  cash,  amounting  to 


16 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


$17.92  ;  and  we  have  sold  merchandise  to  the  following,  on  account :  to 
I.  Farrington,  to  P.  S.  Thompson,  to  H.  Small,  and  to  James  Richings. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum  received ; 
make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  of  the  goods  sold  on  account ;  and  make 
entries  in  th6  Day-Book  to  debit  or  charge  the  persons  who  owe  us. 

Transaction  27 — May  26. 
We  buy  merchandise  of  C.  Huntington,  on  account,  at  60  days. 
Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Invoice-Book  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  28 — May  26. 
We  buy  merchandise  of  J.  Stevens,  on  account. 
Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Invoice-Book  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  29 — May  27. 
We  pay  cash  for  drayage  on  whiskey  and  tobacco. 
Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book. 

Transaction  30 — May  27. 

You  have  employed  Joseph  Johnson  to  do  some  buil(fing  for  you  at 
your  dwelling-house ;  and  at  his  request  you  deliver  to  him,  on  account 
of  the  work,  a  quantity  of  goods  and  some  money  from  the  store. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book  the  same  as  though 
the  goods  were  sold  to  him ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the 
sum  paid  to  him  ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  or  charge 
him  for  all  he  owes  us  in  this  transaction. 

I 
Transaction  13 — May  28. 

We  have  had  1,000  cards  printed,  for  which  we  paid  cash ;  and  during 
the  day  we  have  retailed  merchandise  for  cash — $7.50. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  on  the  Dr.  and  Cr.  sides. 

Transaction  32 — May  29. 

We  have  given  our  note,  at  three  months,  to  John  Stevens,  for  amount 
of  the  whiskey  we  bought  of  him  on  the  26th  inst. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note  we  have 
issued  ;  and  one  in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit  Mr.  Stevens  for  the  note,  which 
is  a  payment. 

Transaction  33 — May  29. 
We  sell  merchandise,  on  account,  to  I.  Farrington  and  to  W.  B.  Brown. 
Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  34 — May  30. 
We  send  our  clerk  out  lo  collect,  and  he  returns  to  us  the  following 
notes  and  cash :  W.  B.  Brown's  note,  at  three  months,  for  $153.97  ;  Peter 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


17 


S.  Thompson's  note,  at  two  months,  for  $44.60  ;  cash,  received  of  Henry 
Small,  $31.72 ;  and  cash,  received  of  W.  S.  Christman,  $50. 

Instruction.— Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  notes ;  in  the 
Cash-Book  of  the  sums  received ;  and  in  the  Day-Book,  to  credit  the 
persons  for  the  cash  and  notes  we  have  received  of  them,  and  for  which 
we  owe  them  in  account. 

Transaction  35 — May  30. 
We  return  to  John  Stevens  the  money  we  borrowed  of  him. 
Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  ;  and  one  in  the  Day- 
Book  to  charge  or  debit  Mr.  Stevens  for  the  sum  we  have  paid  him. 

Transaction  36 — May  31. 
John  Sims,  our  chief  clerk,  draws  on  account  of  his  salary,  cash  $25. 
Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book ;  and  one  in  the  Day- 
Book  to  charge  John  for  the  sum  paid  him. 

Transaction  37 — May  31. 
We  have  retailed  merchandise  during  to-day,  for  cash,  amounting  to 
$34  40 ;   and  sold  to  J.  Richings,  W.  S.  Christman,  I.  Farrington,  and 
W.  Lawrence,  on  account. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum  received  • 
m  the  Sales-Book  of  the  goods  sold ;  and  in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit  th© 
persons  who  owe  us. 


POSTING. 

Instruction.— As  yet  we  have  done  nothing  with  the  Leger ;  it  is  not- 
convenient  to  post  or  make  entries  in  the  Leger  every  day,  and  it  is  not 
proper  to  defer  posting  longer  than  a  month.  The  object  of  the  Leger  is 
to  show  all  concerning  one  person  at  one  place;  the  sums  which  Mr. 
Stevens  owes  us,  and  which  we  owe  him,  are  scattered  from  one  end  of 
the  Day-Book  to  the  other ;  but  in  the  Leger  all  those  sums  are  drawn  on 

w.  nM^-^^fi:  ^u  ;  ^  «"^!*-.^9_'i"g  «"e  side  of  the  account  from  the  other, 
we  obtain  the  balance  which  is  due  to  him  or  us 

We  will  now  commence  posting.     The  first  accounts  to  be  opened  in- 
Ir!  nrJ}^"!  ^'"r"'"'  ''"'''  accouuts.     In  the  first  entry  in  the  Day-Book  we- 

and  vnn    '  II  IZ  T  ?u   "'P'^"^-     ^P^"  '^^  Day-Book  at  the^fimt  page, 
and  you  will  find  the  following  entry  : ^  ^ 

C.  C.  Marsh  ^-j,- 

For  Cash  received  of  him  as  capital. .'. .  $5,000 

in Th/?1!^.^  u^''''^'  ^""^'^X  >'°"  "^'^  ^P^"  y^"^  ^^^«"n^  «"'t^e  first  page 

Dr  and  rf'    J  """''"^  '^'^  "'"^"  (^^^^  ^"  «"^  '^^^)  ^"^  the  terms 

Bid'n  of  tL  '         '  T  ^''''  -^'^  -^  ^'^^^^°''  ™^^^  ^^«  ««^ry  on  the  creditor 
8ido  of  the  account-writmg  in  the  first  column  th^  year  and  month,  in 


18 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


19 


the  second  column  the  date,  in  the  third  space  the  cause  why  you  are 
creditor,  or  what  you  are  creditor  for,  in  the  fourth  column  the  page  of 
the  Day-Book  that  the  sum  comes  from,  and  in  the  fifth  column  the  sum 
for  which  you  are  creditor.  Now  place  the  page  of  the  account  in  the 
Leger  against  the  name  in  the  Day-Book,  to  signify  that  it  is  posted. 
The  Leger  must  have  an  Index,  in  which  the  account  should  be  entered 
as  soon  as  opened. 

This  explanation  of  posting  is  applicable  to  all  other  Day-Book  entries, 
with  this  difference  :  when  the  person  is  debtor,  the  entry  must  be  made 
on  the  debtor  side  of  his  account. 

Proceed,  and  post  all  the  entries  of  May.  * 


THE    TRIAL    BALANCE. 

Instruction. — We  have  now  posted  the  business  of  May ;  the  next 
thing  to  which  your  attention  is  directed  is  the  Proof  or  Trial  Balance. 

There  can  be  nothing  of  more  importance,  in  keeping  accounts,  than 
correctness ;  and  as  all  persons  are  more  or  less  liable  to  make  errors  in 
operating  in  figures,  the  process  called  the  Proof,  by  which  errors  are 
detected,  is  indispensable.  Since  there  is  a  way  to  prove  that  the  ac- 
counts in  the  Leger  are  correctly  posted  and  added,  and  the  balances  cor- 
rectly struck  or  obtained,  we  should  not  recognise  our  accounts  as  correct 
unless  they  are  proved  to  be  so. 

This  Proof  or  Trial  Balance  is  a  very  simple  and  effective  method  of 
proving  the  postings,  the  additions,  and  the  subtractions,  in  the  Leger :  it 
is  founded  on  the  principle  of  comparing  the  amounts  in  the  Day-Book 
with  the  amounts  in  the  Leger.  As  the  sums  in  the  Leger  are,  or  ought 
to  be,  the  same  as  the  sums  in  the  Day-Book,  so  the  difference  between 
the  sums  in  the  Day-Book  will  be  the  same  as  the  difference  between  the 
Slims  in  the  Leger.  If  this  correspondence  does  not  follow,  then  there 
are  errors  in  the  work. 

The  following  is  the  Trial  Balance  of  May  31,  1853. 


1 

3 

4 

6 

7 

9 

10 

11 

12 


Dr.          Day-Book  Balances 

• 

OF  May  31,  1853 

Cb. 

1 

Folio 

$    396 
599 
215 
324 
268 
144 

14,799 

36 
92 
56 
69 
50 
97 

22 
22 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

Folio 

$15,621 
312 
342 
193 
280 

38 
22 
08 
25 
29 

22 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

{( 

t( 

ti 

%•• 

<( 

f( 

ft 

(( 

/^ 

Balance    of  the 
Day-Book 

#■ 

16,749 

16,749 

• 

Dr. 


Leger  Balances  of  May  31,  1853. 


Cr. 


W.  S.  Christman 

I.  Farrington 

Jas.  Richings  . . 
Joseph  Johnson 

John  Sims 

W.  Lawrence. . 
W.B.Brown... 

H.  Small 

P.  S.  Thompson 
Balance  of  Leger 


$     51 

109 

103 

69 

25 

48 

93 

42 

16 

14,799 


15,357 


44 
16 
09 
65 
00 
20 
50 
39 
20 
22 


Ne 


w 


85 


1 
1 
3 
5 

6 

7 
8 


C.  C.  Marsh 

Jonathan  Smith... 
Hogan  &  Miller. . 

C.  Huntington. 

C.  Simmons 

Barclay  &  Livingston 
J.  Jones 


$4,975 

10,000 

59 

80 

6 

120 

116 


OB 


15,357 


00 
00 
42 
48 
13 
22 
60 


85 


K,  May  31,  1853. 


—  J 


M 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


The  preceding  Trial  Balance  is  made  out  as  follows :  rule  the  two  in- 
side pages  of  a  sheet  of  paper,  one  page  for  the  "  Day-Book  balances," 
and  the  other  for  the  "  Leger  balances."  Turn  to  the  first  page  of  the 
Day-Book  and  obtain  the  amount  of  all  the  debtor  sums  on  that  page, 
which  will  be  $396.36 — the  total  of  the  Dr.  column  ;  this  amount  you  will 
set  down  on  the  debtor  side  of  that  part  of  the  sheet  headed  Day-Book 
balances.  Next,  ascertain  the  amount  of  all  the  creditor  sums  on  the  same 
page — $15,621.38,  this  being  the  total  of  the  Gr.  column  of  the  page — and 
set  it  on  the  creditor  side  of  the  same  part  of  the  sheet.  Proceed  in  like 
manner  with  every  page  in  the  Day-Book. 

When  you  have  thus  taken  off  all  the  amounts,  add  (with  lead)  the  two 
columns  and  subtract  one  total  from  the  other ;  the  difference  (14,799.22) 
is  called  the  balance  of  the  Day-Book. 

You  will  now  turn  to  the  Leger,  and  obtain  the  balance  of  every  ac- 
count, by  adding  and  subtracting  the  columns  (in  pencil),  and  then  copy 
off  these  balances  on  that  part  of  the  sheet  headed  "  Leger  balances  :" 
add  the  two  columns,  and  the  difference  between  the  totals  is  called  the 
balance  of  the  Leger ;  this  balance  should  exactly  correspond  with  the 
balance  of  the  Day-Book.  If  these  two  balances  are  not  alike,  there  are 
errors,  either  in  the  posting,  adding,  or  subtracting,  in  the  Leger,  or  in 
taking  off  the  amounts  from  the  Day-Book  and  Leger  on  to  the  sheet. 
These  errors  must  be  found  by  reviewing  all  the  work — examine  tho 
posting,  checking  each  sum  with  a  pencil ;  examine  the  balances  on  the 
sheet,  checking  each  sum  ;  and  re-examine  until  the  proof  is  obtained — 
for  without  the  proof  there  is  no  certainty  of  the  correctness  of  your  ac- 
counts, and  with  the  proof  the  certainty  is  equal  to  that  obtained  in  the 
science  of  double-entry  book-keeping. 

The  Trial  Balance  should  be  made  monthly. 

That  part  of  the  Trial  Balance  headed  Leger  balances  is  of  great  utility 
in  another  respect  besides  its  participation  in  the  proof;  it  exhibits,  at  one 
view,  the  names  of  all  who  owe  us  or  whom  we  owe,  with  the  amounts 
due  to  or  by  each. 

Fold  up  the  Trial  Balance,  endorse  it  Trial  Balance  of  May  31,  1853, 
and  let  it  be  taken  care  of. 

The  Cash-Book  has  not  yet  been  balanced ;  you  will  balance  it,  and 
then  proceed  with  the  business  of  June.  Balance  the  Cash-Book  by 
adding  the  Dr.  and  Cr.  pages,  and  subtract  the  amount  paid  from  the 
amount  received ;  the  difference  is  or  should  be  the  balance  on  hand. 
There  is  no  way  of  proving  this,  but  by  counting  the  money ;  we  must, 
therefore,  take  it  for  correct:  write  "  Balance  in  Banks,  &c.,  $14,612.84" 
on  Cr.  side — rule  and  foot  it. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


21 


THE  BUSINESS  OF  JUNE: 

About  fifty  BasineBS  Transactions,  embracing  Porchaseg  and  SaleiH-Collectiong  in  Notes  and 
Money— Delivering  our  Notes  with  Interest— Receiving  Notes  with  Interest— Passint?  the 
Notes  of  others— Accepting  Drafts— Discounting  Notes— Diecounting  our  own  Notes— Set- 
tling Accounts  ayainst  a  Partner-Notes  Due  and  Paid-Sight  Drafts  passed  to  Account, 
&C-,  &c. — Trial  Balance,  &c. 

Transaction  38 — June  1. 
We  give  our  note  at  three  months  to  Barclay  &  Livingston,  drawn  for 
the  balance  of  their  account,  $120.22,  with  interest  at  6  per  cent.     Inter- 
est, for  93  days,  $1.86. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note,  which  is 
drawn  for  $122.08;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  charge  or 
debit  Messrs.  Barclay  &  Livingston  for  the  amount  we  have  paid  them, 
VIZ.,  $120.22  :  they  must  not  be  debited  for  the  face  of  the  note,  $122.08! 

Transaction  39 — June  2. 
We  bought,  at  the  commencement  of  our  business,  of  Arthur  &  Co.,  a 
set  of  account-books  and  other  stationery ;  they  now  send  in  their  bill 
and  we  pay  it — $27.  ' 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book. 

Transaction  40— June  3. 

We  have  written  to  W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  for  him  to  ship  us  a  quan- 

*o^no  ^7''^,x)'^  ^'""T'   ^^^^  ^'^'^^  ^rx\y^d,  and  by  his  letter  amount  to 
$293./ 5,     We  pay  freight  and  drayage— $4.95. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entryfrom  the  invoice  in  the  Invoice-Book  • 
make  eritries  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  charges  paid;  and  make  an  entry 
in  the  Day-Book,  to  credit  Mr.  Moale  for  the  sum  we  owe  him— $293.75. 

Transaction  41 — June  3. 
We  have  retailed  merchandise  to-day,  for  cash,  $35.45 ;  and  also  sold, 
R  Jess""*'  ***        ^^^•'^"ce,  to  James  Richings,  to  I.  Farrington,  and  to 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  of  the  cash  received  in  the  Cash-Book  • 
make  entries  of  the  sales  on  credit  in  the  Sales-Book ;  and  make  entries 
m  ttie  Day-Book,  to  debit  the  persons  who  owe  us. 

Transaction  42 — June  4. 

We  buy  a  quantity  of  fruit  of  Hone,  Coster,  &  Co.,  and  give  our  note 
at  three  months  in  payment. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book  of  the  bill ;  and  an 
entry  m  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note  we  have  issued  against  us. 


AS 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


Transaction  43 — June  4. 

We  buy  a  bill  of  flour  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.,  on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book ;  and  one  in  the 
Day-Book,  to  credit  Messrs.  Parker,  Howard,  &,  Co.,  for  the  sum  we  owe 
them. 

Transaction  44 — June  5. 

We  have  made  cash  retail  sales  to-day  amounting  to  $56.80. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book. 

Transaction  45 — June  5. 

We  send  our  clerk  to  collect,  and  he  returns  with  the  following :  I.  Far- 
rington's  note  at  three  months  for  $109.16;  J.  Richings' note  at  three 
months  for  $103.09  ;  cash  received  of  W.  S.  Christraan,  $51.44  ;  cash  re- 
ceived of  W.  Lawrence,  $48.20  ;  and  cash  received  of  W.  B.  Brown,  $50. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  notes ;  in  the 
Cash-Book  of  the  three  sums  received  in  cash ;  and  in  the  Day-Book,  to 
credit  each  person  who  has  paid  us,  or  of  whom  we  have  made  a  col- 
lection. 

You  may  now  improve  on  your  previous  style  of  Day-Book  entries ; 
instead  of  crediting  each  of  the  persons  in  this  transaction  in  separate 
entries,  you  may  make  one  entry  to  include  them  all.  This  plan  you  will 
adopt  hereafter,  whenever  the  circumstances  will  admit. 

Transaction  46 — June  6. 

We  have  sold  merchandise  during  the  day  to  the  following  persons  on 
account :  to  R.  Jessup,  to  P.  S.  Thompson,  to  H.  Small,  to  J.  Johnson,  and 
to  John  Stevens. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  in  the  Day-Book. 
These  persons  may  all  be  debited  or  charged  in  one  Day-Book  entry. 

Transaction  47 — June  7. 

We  have  paid  cash  to  the  following  persons  on  account ;  to  Hogan  & 
Miller,  $59.42 ;  to  C.  Simmons,  $6.13  ;  also,  wo  have  given  our  note  to 
C.  Huntington  for  balance  of  account — $80.48. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sums  paid  ;  enter 
the  note  in  the  Bill-Book ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit 
the  persons  to  whom  we  have  made  payments,  either  in  cash  or  by  note. 

Transaction  48 — June  9. 
The  balance  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.'s,  account  in  their  favor  is 
$222.50 ;  for  which  we  deliver  to  them  the  following  notes  :  I.  Farring- 
ton's  note  for  $109.16 ;  P.  S.  Thompson's  note  for  $44.60;  and  cash  for 
the  balance,  $68.74. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book,  in  the  column  headed 
paid,  to  show  that  the  notes  have  been  passed  to  Messrs.  Parker,  Howard, 
&  Co. ;  make  an  entry  of  the  cash  paid  in  the  Cash-Book ;  and  an  entry 
in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit  P.,  H.,  &  Co.,  for  the  sura  we  have  paid  them. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


n 


[In  passing  notes  off  which  we  hold  against  others,  it  is  necessary  to 
write  our  names  on  the  back,  particularly  when  the  notes  are  drawn  to 
our  order.  We  then  become  responsible  as  endorsers,  in  case  the  drawer 
or  proper  person  does  not  pay.] 

Transaction  49 — June  10. 

We  pay  cash  as  follows  :  our  drayman's  bill,  $3.12  ;  to  John  Sims,  our 
clerk,  $15.50  ;  and  draw  for  our  personal  expenses,  $40. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sums  paid  ;  and 
make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  the  last  two  for  the  sums  drawn. 

Transaction  50 — June  11. 

We  have  made  cash  retail  sales  amounting  to  $29.64 ;  we  have  bought 
merchandise  of  Alfred  Graham  on  account ;  and  sold  merchandise  to  him 
on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum  received ; 
in  the  Invoice-Book  of  the  merchandise  bought ;  in  the  Sales-Book  of  the 
goods  sold  on  account ;  and  in  the  Day-Book  two  entries,  one  to  debit 
Mr.  Graham  for  the  goods  he  has  bought  of  us,  and  one  to  credit  him  for 
the  goods  we  have  bought  of  him. 

Transaction  51 — June  12.  * 

We  sell  merchandise  on  account  to  W.  B.  Brown,  Peter  S.  Thompson, 
Henry  Small,  J.  Johnson,  and  Wm.  Lawrence ;  and  we  pay  cash  to  J. 
Johnson,  $15. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book ;  in  the  Cash-Book ; 
and  in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit  each  of  the  persons  for  the  sum  he  owes  us. 

Transaction  52 — June  13. 
We  buy  merchandise  of  Pettis  &  Roome,  and  of  Hogan  &  Miller ;  and 
we  give  our  note  to  P.  &  R.  for  half  their  bill,  $198.13,  and  to  H.  &  M. 
cash  for  half  their  bill,  $99. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Invoice-Book,  in  the  Bill-Book,  in 
the  Cash-Book,  and  in  the  Day-Book.  As  we  have  paid  each  one  half, 
we  will  credit  them  in  the  Day-Book  only  for  the  sums  unpaid ;  or,  it 
would  be  as  well  to  credit  each  for  the  full  amount,  and  charge  them  for 
the  part  paid,  which  would  require  two  entries. 

Transaction  53 — June  14. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  account :  to  Alfred 
Graham,  W.  B.  Brown,  I.  Farrington,  J.  Richings,  R.  Jessup,  and  W.  S. 
Christman. 

Instruction.— Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  54 — June  15. 

We  receive  of  P.  S.  Thompson  cash,  $16.20,  and  his  note  at  60  days 
for  $97.68.  ^ 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book,  one  in  the  Bill-Book, 
and  one  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr.  Thompson  for  the  sums  received. 


;  I 


i^  if 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


25 


11  i 


'+•' 


Transaction  55 — June  15. 

We  receive  of  Henry  Small  his  note  at  60  days,  for  $82.19,  with  in- 
terest added — interest  82  cents. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note,  which  is 
drawn  for  $83.01  ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book,  to  credit  Mr. 
Small  for  the  sum  he  has  paid  us,  which  is  $82.19— this  being  the  bal- 
ance of  his  account. 

Transaction  56 — June  16. 
We  send  our  clerk  to  collect,  and  he  returns  the  following :  cash  re- 
ceived of  W.  B.  Brown,  $43.50;  cash  received  of  R.  Jessup,  $54.72; 
and  R.  Jessup's  note  at  four  months,  for  $110.40. 

Instruction.— Make  entries  of  the  cash  in  the  Cash-Book ;  of  the 
note  in  the  Bill-Book ;  and  give  the  persons  credit  in  the  Day-Book  for 
the  sums  they  have  paid  us. 

Transaction  57 — June  16. 

We  receive  of  I.  Farrington  his  note  at  three  months,  with  interest 
added — principal  $120.10,  interest  $1.86. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  note,  which  is 
for  $121.96;  and  one  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr.  Farrington,  but 
credit  him  only  for  $120.10,  this  being  the  balance  of  his  account. 

Transaction  58 — June  17. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Barclay  &  Livingston,  and  also  of  Hallet  & 
Brown,  on  account. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Invoice-Book  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  59 — June  17. 

We  pay  cash  as  follows :  W.  Baker's  bill  for  drayage,  $7.50 ;  to  Jos. 
Johnson,  $10;  to  John  Sims,  $10;  to  A.  Graham,  $20;  and  lend  to  C. 
Huntington,  $400 ;  and  borrow  of  John  Stevens,  $300. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  of  all  the  sums  received 
or  paid  out ;  and  in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit  each  person  who  owes  us,  and 
to  credit  Mr.  Stevens  for  the  sum  we  borrow  of  him. 

Transaction  60 — June  19. 

We  have  accepted  a  draft  drawn  on  us  by  W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  at 
ten  days'  sight,  in  favor  of  C.  Huntington,  for  $^00. 

Instruction. — Accepting  a  draft  at  time,  is  agreeing  to  pay  it,  and 
signifying  it  by  placing  your  name  on  the  draft.  Make  an  entry  in  the 
Bill-Book  under  the  payable  part,  because  the  draft  is  like  a  note  issued 
against  us  ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  Mr.  Moale,  be- 
cause he  owes  us  the  amount  which  he  draws  on  us  for:  drawing  on  us 
is  drawing  from  us.    (See  the  form  on  page  94.) 

Transaction  61— June  19. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  account :  to  W.  S. 
•Christman,  to  J.  Richings,  to  R.  Jessup,  and  to  W.  Lawrence. 


Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  an  entry  in  the 
Day-Book  to  debit  the  persons  who  owe  us. 

Transaction  62 — June  20. 

J.  Johnson  has  completed  the  work  which  he  has  been  employed  on 
for  you,  and  has  presented  his  bill  to  us,  which  amounts  to  $175.80 ;  we 
obtain  the  balance  of  his  account,  and  find  it  to  be  $31.15,  which  sum  we 
pay  in  cash ;  you  have  drawn  cash,  for  personal  expenses,  $15. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  of  all  the  cash  paid  ; 
make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  J.  Johuson  for  the  amount  of  his 
bill,  and  also  one  to  debit  him  for  the  sum  paid  him  in  full. 

Another  entry  is  required  yet :  you  must  be  debited  for  the  amount  of 
Mr.  Johnson's  bill,  together  with  the  $15,  because  you  have  drawn  those 
sums  from  the  business,  the  work  being  done  for  you,  individually,  and 
not  for  the  store. 

Transaction  63 — June  21. 

We  sell  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  account :  to  A.  Gra- 
ham, to  P.  S.  Thompson,  to  H.  Small,  and  to  W.  B.  Brown. 

Instruction.— Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  and  Day-Book. 

Transaction  64 — June  21. 

We  get  the  following  notes  discounted  at  the  Merchants'  Bank,  and  re- 
ceive the  cash,  less  the  discount : — 

No.  2. — Brown's  note,  due  Sept.  2,  for $153  97 

Discount,  for  74  days..$l   90 

No.  8. — Jessup's  note,  due  Oct.  19,  for 110  40 

Discount,  for  121  days..  2  23     

264  37 

Amount  of  discount 4  13 

Amount  of  cash  received 260  24 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book,  in  the  paid  column,  to 
show  that  these  notes  are  passed  off  or  paid ;  and  make  entries  in  the 
Cash-Book  of  the  sums  received. 

Transaction  65— June  22. 

You  send  some  articles  to  your  dwelling-house  for  family  use. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  one  in  the  Day- 
Book  to  debit  yourself  for  the  appropriation. 

Transaction  66 — June  22. 

We  pay  the  two  notes  which  Barclay  &  Livingston  hold  against  us, 
not  yet  at  maturity  : — 


i  '^ 


i)  i 


4 


26  SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 

No.  3. — Due  Sept.  1 9,  for $200  00 

No.  6. — Due  Sept.    4,  for 122  08 

322  08 
Discount  on  No.  3,  90  days $3  00 

Discount  on  No.  6,  74  days 1  51 

4  51 

Amount  of  cash  paid  for  the  notes 317  57 

Instruction.— Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book  to  show  that  the  notes 
have  been  taken  up  or  paid ;  and  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  cash  paid  for 
the  notes. 

Transaction  67 — June  23. 
We  sell  the  following  notes  to  Hallet  &  Brown  on  account— although 

the  notes  are  not  at  maturity,  no  discount  is  supposed  to  be  allowed : 

No.  5. — J.  Richings'  note  for $103  09 

No.  9. — I.  Farrington's  note  for 121   96 

$225  05 

Instruction.— Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book  to  show  that  the  notes 
are  passed  off;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book,  to  debit  Messrs 
Hallet  &  Brown  for  the  notes. 

Transduction  68 — June  24. 

W.  Lawrence's  note  for  $100  fell  due  this  day  and  is  paid. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book,  and  in  the  Cash-Book. 
When  we  say  Lawrence's  note,  we  mean  a  note  of  which  he  is  the  author 
or  writer. 

Transaction  69 — June  25. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  account:  to  W.  S. 
Chnstman,  to  R.  Jessup,  to  A.  Graham,  and  to  J.  Stevens. 

Instruction.— Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  an  entry  in  the 
Day-Book.  •' 

Transaction  70 — June  26. 
We  have  received  a  letter  from  W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  directing  us 
10  ship  to  him  a  quantity  of  merchandise,  which  we  have  done. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  71 — June  27. 
J.  Jones,  Boston,  has  drawn  a  draft  at  sight  on  us,  in  favor  of  C.  Hun- 
tington, which  we  have  accepted ;  but  as  the  balance  of  Mr.  Huntinaton's 
account  is  m  our  favor,  it  is  agreed  that  the  draft  shall  be  passed  to  his 
credit,  and  not  paid  in  cash. 

Instruction.— Make  two  entries  in  the  Day-Book— one  to  debit  Mr. 
Jones  for  our  accepting  or  paying  his  draft,  and  one  to  credit  Mr.  Hun- 
tington for  amount  of  the  draft  due  him.     Drafts  at  sight  need  not  appear 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING.  27 

in  the  Bill-Book  ;  if  this  be  entered  in  the  Bill-Book,  it  should  be  written 
off — that  is,  in  the  last  column  should  be  written  thus  :  passed  to  acct.  of 
C.  Huntington. 

Transaction  72 — June  30. 

Our  clerk  has  been  out  making  collections,  and  returns  with  the  fol- 
lowing:— 

James  Richings'  note  at  90  days,  for $100 

W.  S.  Christman's  note  at  3  months,  for 120 

Cash  received  of  W.  S.  Christraan 40 

Cash  received  of  J.  Richings 25 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  notes ;  in  the 
Cash-Book  of  the  cash  received  ;  and  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  thp 
parties. 


POSTING. 

Instruction. — You  may  now  commence  posting,  and  post  up  the  busi- 
ness of  June.  Posting  was  explained  to  you  at  the  end  of  the  business 
of  May. 


TRIAL    BALANCE. 

Instruction. — Having  posted  the  business  of  June,  it  is  now  important 
to  prove  that  it  is  done  correctly ;  therefore  proceed  to  make  out  the  Trial 
Balance  in  the  manner  described  at  May  31st.  In  obtaining  the  balances 
of  the  accounts  in  the  Leger,  you  must  add  up  the  sums  of  both  May  and 
June,  and  not  the  sums  of  June  only.  The  balances  are  to  be  taken  off 
the  same  as  before. 

In  making  out  that  part  of  the  Trial  Balance  called  Day-Book  balances^ 
you  commence  taking  the  sums  off  from  the  Day-Book  at  the  1st  of  June; 
but  you  must  include  the  balance  of  May  with  these  sums ;  therefore  let 
the  balance  of  May  (taken  from  the  former  Trial  Balance)  be  the  first  sum 
set  down  on  this  part  of  the  proof. 

The  following  is  the  Trial  Balance  of  June  30 : — 


liii 


m& 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


29 


De.  Day-Book  Balances  of  June  30,  1853. 


Cb. 


7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 


1 
3 
4 
4 
5 
7 
8 
8 
9 
9 
10 

n 

12 


Folio 

(( 
(( 
ft 

u 
(I 

Balance    of  the 
Day-Book 


$  141 
480 
536 
603 

.440] 
818 
1,381 

14,214 


18,617 


82 
48 
74 
05 
00 
95 
95 

07 


06 


;N"'e 


w 


6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 


Balance  of  May  31 
Folio 


$14,799 
293 
584 
546 
411 
1,205 
175 
601 


OE  K,  June  30,  1853. 


18,617 


22 
75 
39 
00 
01 
29 
80 
60 


06 


Be. 


Leoee  Balances  of  June  30,  1853. 


Ce. 


W.  S.  Christman. .. 

I.  Farrington 

Hallet  &  Brown... 

Jas.  Richings 

C.  Huntington 

John  Sims 

J.Jones , 

W.  A.  Moale 

W.  Lawrence 

R.  Jessup 

Wr>    Ti 
.  B.  Brown 

H.  Small 

P.  S.  Thompson . . . 

Balance  of  Legei 


$       8 

66 

55 

26 

83 

50 

200 

499 

125 

98 

92 

134 

139 

14,214 


09 

80 

67 

23 

40 

50 

00 

87 

50 

56 

15 

58 

97 

07 


1 
1 
2 
3 
5 
7 
11 


C.  C.  Marsh 

Jonathan  Smith 

Peltis  &  Roome  . . . 
Hogan  &  Miller. .. 

J.  Stevens 

Barclay  &  Livingston 
Alfred  Graham  .  - . 


$  4,726 
10,000 
198 
99 
255 
325 
192 


02 
00 
13 
00 
24 
00 
00 


The  Trial  Balance  being  finished,  you  will  balance  the  Cash-Book  and 
proceed  with  the  business  of  July. 


THE  BUSINESS  OF  JULY 


The  Business  of  this  month  consists  of  about  twenty-five  diiFerent  TransBctions— comprisini^ 
Collections  in  Notes  und  Money — Paying  our  Acceptances — Receiving  Drafts  at  Sight  nnd 
Time  —  Receiving  Notes  with  Interest  for  Balance  of  Accounts — Selling  and  Drawing 
Drafts — Commission  Business — Making  Shipments  on  our  Account — Lending  Money  on 
Notes — Settlement  with  our  Clerk — Rendering  Account-Sales — Accepting  Drafts  at  Time 
— Rendering  Accounts-Current,  &c. — Trial  Balance  —  Balance-Sbeet — Present  Capital — 
Net  Gain — Division  of  Gain,  &c. 

Transaction  73 — July  2. 

We  send  our  clerk  out  to  make  collections,  and  he  returns  with  the  fol- 
lowing : — 

H.  SmalPs  note  at  60  days,  for $130  00 

P.  S.  Thompson's  note  at  60  days,  for 100  00 

Cash  received  of  H.  Small 4  58 

Cash  received  of  P.  S.  Thompson 39  97 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Bill-Book  ;  in  the  Cash-Book ;  and 
make  entries  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  the  persons  for  paying  us. 

Transaction  74 — July  2. 

The  draft  of  W.  A.  Moale,  which  became  our  acceptance  on  the  19th 
of  June,  is  due,  and  we  have  paid  it. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  paid  column  of  the  Bill-Book,  and 
one  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum  paid. 

Transaction  75 — July  4. 

On  the  27lh  June,  J.  Jones,  Boston,  drew  on  us  for  $200  more  than  the 
balance  of  his  account ;  he  has  now  remitted  to  us  his  draft  at  sight  on 
J.  Stevens  for  that  sum.  Mr.  Stevens  accepts  the  draft,  but  does  not  pay 
it,  because  the  balance  of  his  account  is  in  his  favor  more  than  that  sum ; 
it  is  therefore  by  consent  of  both  parties  considered  in  account. 

Instruction. — Make  two  entries  in  the  Day-Book,  one  to  credit  Mr. 
Jones  for  the  amount  he  has  paid  us  or  remitted  to  us,  and  one  to  debit 
Mr.  Stevens  for  the  amount  of  the  draft  on  him  unpaid. 

Transaction  76 — July  6. 
We  receive  of  W.  Lawrence  his  note  at  three  months  for  the  balance 
of  his  account  and  interest;  the  balance  is  $125.50,  the  interest,  for  93 
days,  is  $1.94. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  of  the  note  in  the  Bill-Book ;  and  make 
an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr.  Lawrence  for  the  balance  of  his 
account,  which  he  has  settled. 


30 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


31 


I      i 


Transaction  77 — July  8, 

We  have  sold  to  Pettis  &  Roome,  on  account,  our  draft  on  W.  A.  Moale, 
Baltimore,  at  ten  days'  sight,  for  $150. 

Instruction.— Make  two  entries  in  the  Day-Book— one  to  debit 
Messrs.  Pettis  &  Roome  for  the  amount  of  the  draft,  and  one  to  credit 
Mr.  Moale  for  the  same,  because  drawing  on  him  is  ordering  him  to  pav 
such  a  sum  for  us. 

Transaction  78 — Jdly  10. 

We  buy  merchandise  of  Barclay  <fe  Livingston  on  account. 

Instruction.- Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book,  and  one  in  the 
Day-Book. 

Transaction  79 — July  12. 
We  receive  of  George  Morris,  Newark,  to  be  sold  for  him  on  commis- 
sion, 25  barrels  dried  peaches.     We  pay  expenses  of  freight  and  drayaire 
in  cash. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book ;  and  one  in  the 
Cash-BoOk  of  the  sum  paid ;  and  debit  Mr.  Morris  in  the  Day-Book  for 
the  expenses  on  his  goods. 

Transaction  80 — July  12. 

We  have  shipped  merchandise  and  consigned  it  to  Peiiasco  y  Hermanos, 
Havana,  to  be  sold  on  commission,  for  our  account,  for  us. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book ;  and  in  the  Cash-Book 
of  the  cash  paid  for  shipping  expenses ;  and  make  one  in  the  Shipment- 
Book.  No  entry  is  required  in  the  Day-Book,  because  the  consignees  do 
not  owe  us  for  the  goods,  nor  will  they  until  they  have  sold  them.  When 
we  receive  an  account  of  the  sales  of  the  goods,  then  we  shall  charge  the 
gentlemen  for  the  net  proceeds,  because  then  they  will  owe  us. 

Transaction  81 — July  15. 

We  lend  cash  to  John  Sims  on  his  note  at  six  months,  with  six  per 
cent,  interest  added — cash  $500,  interest  $15.25. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book ;  and  one  in  the  Cash- 
Book  of  the  sum  paid  out  or  lent. 

Transaction  82 — July  16. 
Our  chief  clerk,  John  Sims,  has  retired  from  our  employment:  the 
amount  of  his  salary  for  two  months,  at  $500  per  annum,  is  $83.34.   John 
has  already  drawn  $50.50,  as  appears  by  his  account.     We  pay  him  the 
balance  due. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  John  for  the 
amount  due  him  for  the  whole  time,  and  one  to  debit  him  for  the  balance 
paid  in  fulL     Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  sum  paid. 

Transaction  83 — July  16. 
We  have  retailed  merchandise  to-day  for  cash,  and  also  sold  several 
barrels  of  dried  peaches  which  were  with  us  on  commission. 


Instruction.— Enter  the  cash  in  the  Cash-Book ;  and  make  an  entry 
of  commission  goods  in  the  Sales-Book,  but  do  not  extend  the  amount 
into  the  column  to  be  added  up  with  sales  of  our  goods,  because  we  wish 
to  show  at  the  end  of  the  Sales-Book  the  total  sales  of  our  merchandise 

onlv.  ^        ,        ,1 

We  will  make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  of  goods  sold  on  commission, 

whether  for  cash  or  on  credit,  in  order  to  make  out  an  account  of  the  sales. 

Transaction  84 — July  17. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  accomit :  J.  Richings, 
W.  Lawrence,  and  R.  Jessup. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book,  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

Transaction  85 — July  18. 

We  have  received  from  W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  his  draft  at  three 
days'  sight,  on  C.  Huntington,  who  has  accepted  it. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  acceptance;  and 
one  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Mr.  Moale  for  the  amount  of  the  draft. 

Transaction  86 — July  19. 
We  sell  merchandise  to  the  following  persons  on  account :  W.  B. 
Brown,  H.  Small,  and  P.  S.  Thompson. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  and  Day-Book. 

Transaction  87 — July  20. 

We  have  shipped  merchandise  to  Charleston,  consigned  to  S.  Chad 
wick  <fe  Co.,  to  be  sold  for  our  account — that  is,  for  us. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book  describing  the  goods 
shipped ;  one  in  the  Cash-Book  of  the  expenses  paid  in  cash ;  and  one 
in  the  Shipment-Book. 

Transaction  88 — July  21. 

We  pay  cash  to  the  following  persons  on  account :  to  Hogan  &  Miller 
$99,  to  Barclay  &  Livingston  $125,  to  A.  Graham  $50;  you  draw  for 
yourself  $50,  and  send  to  your  house  the  remaining  five  barrels  of  dried 
peaches. 

Instruction. — Make  four  entries  in  the  Cash-Book;  one  in  the  Sales- 
Book  ;  and  one  in  the  Day-Book  to  charge  each  person  who  owes  us, 
including  yourself  for  the  amount  you  have  drawn  from  our  business  and 
your  capital. 

Transaction  89 — July  23. 

We  have  now  sold  all  of  the  dried  peaches  received  on  commission 
from  George  Morris,  and  we  make  out  an  account  of  the  sales  to  send  or 
render  him — total  sales  $125,  commission  and  storage  $7.25. 

Instruction. — The  Account-Sales  is  among  the  forms  and  calculations, 
and  is  made  out  from  the  Sales-Book ;  from  it  you  make  two  entries  in 
the  Day-Book — one  to  debit  Mr.  Morris  for  the  storage  and  commission 


3m 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


33 


W9 


\' 


I 


hit 


(for  the  freight  he  was  charged  on  receipt  of  the  goods),  and  one  to  credit 
him  for  the  amount  of  sales  of  his  merchandise — $125. 

Transaction  90 — July  24. 

C.  Huntington's  acceptance,  W.  A.  Moale's  draft,  is  due  and  paid. 

iNSTRUCTioN.—Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book ;  and  one  in  the  Bill- 
Book  to  show  that  the  acceptance  is  paid. 

Transaction  91 — July  27. 
We  sell  to  C.  Huntington,  on  account,  the  shipment  which  we  made  to 
Charleston  on  the  20th  inst.,  at  10  per  cent,  advance  on  cost— $377 — 
amounting  to  $414.70. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Shipment-Book  to  show  the 
amount  of  the  sale  ;  and  make  an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  Mr.  Hun- 
tington for  the  sum  he  owes  us  for  the  shipment. 

» 

Transaction  92 — July  28. 

We  sell  merchandise  to  George  Morris  on  account,  and  we  pay  him 
the  balance  of  his  account  in  cash — $46.38. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Sales-Book,  one  in  the  Cash-Book, 
and  one  in  the  Day-Book  to  debit  Mr.  Morris  for  the  sum  paid  him. 

Transaction  93 — July  29. 
We  buy  merchandise  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.,  and  deliver  in  pay- 
ment our  note  at  three  months  for  one  half  of  their  bill— the  remainder  is 
unpaid. 

Instruction.— Make  an  entry  in  the  Invoice-Book,  one  in  the  Bill- 
Book,  and  one  in  the  Day-Book  to  credit  Messrs.  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co., 
for  the  balance  unpaid.  Or,  we  may  make  two  Day-Book  entries — one 
to  credit  them  for  the  whole  amount,  and  one  to  charge  them  for  the 
half  paid — which  is  rather  clearer. 

Transaction  94 — July  30. 

Our  clerk  returns  from  collecting,  with  cash  received  of  I.  Farrinetou 
$26.80,  and  of  R.  Jessup  $32.81. 

Instruction. — Make  entries  in  the  Cash-Book  ;  and  make  an  entry  in 
the  Day-Book  to  credit  the  persons  for  their  payments. 

Transaction  95 — July  30. 

We  have  accepted  Alfred  Graham's  draft  at  sixty  days,  in  favor  of  R. 
M'Murray,  for  $142. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Bill-Book  of  the  acceptance  ;  and 
an  entry  in  the  Day-Book  to  charge  Mr.  Graham  for  drawing  on  us. 

Transaction  96 — July  30. 
We  make  out  accounts-current  for  W.  A.  Moale  and  for  C.  Huntington, 
and  find  a  balance  of  interest  in  our  favor  on  Mr.  Moale's  account  of  15 
cents,  and  a  balance  of  interest  in  our  favor  on  Mr.  Huntington's  account 
of  $1.26. 


Instruction. — Make  Day-Book  entries — one  to  debit  Mr.  Moale  for 
balance  of  interest  on  his  account,  and  one  to  charge  Mr.  Huntington  for 
the  balance  due  us.  These  accounts-current  may  be  found  among  tho 
forms  and  calculations  at  the  end  of  this  book. 

Transaction  97 — July  31. 
We  attended  auction  to-day,  and  bought  a  brig  for  $5,000  ;  and  we  sold 
our  purchase  to  Mr.  G.  Law  at  10  °|o  advance,  and  received  a  check  for 
the  amount — $500. 

Instruction. — Make  an  entry  in  the  Cash-Book. 


POSTING. 

Instruction. — You  may  now  commence  posting,  and  post  up  the  busi 
ness  of  July. 


TRIAL    BALANCE. 

Instruction. — You  have  now  posted  the  business  of  July ;  the  next 
thing  is  to  make  out  the  Proof  or  Trial  Balance,  which  is  to  be  done  in 
the  same  manner  as  you  did  at  the  end  of  May  and  June.  The  last 
Day-Book  balance  must  be  brought  on  the  present  sheet,  as  in  the  former 
instance. 

Having  made  out  the  Trial  Balance,  you  will  then  proceed  to  balance- 
the  Cash-Book ;  and  if,  in  the  Sales  and  Invoice  Books,  the  amounts  of 
each  page  are  not  added  and  carried  forward  from  page  to  page,  you  may 
now  carry  them  forward,  so  that  the  end  of  the  Invoice-Book  may  show 
the  whole  cost  of  our  merchandise,  and  the  end  of  the  Sales-Book  may 
show  the  amount  of  our  sales. 

Since  these  books  are  to  embrace  no  more  than  the  three  months'  busi- 
ness already  entered,  your  attention  is  now  called  to  the  Balance-Sheet 
and  to  the  closing  of  the  accounts,  which,  although  done  now  at  the  end 
of  three  months,  are  yearly  operations  in  business. 

The  following  is  the  Trial  Balance  of  July  30 : — 

3 


34 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


Br.  DatBook  Balances  of  July  31,1853. 


Ce. 


13 
14 
15 
16 
17 

Folio 

$    200 
192 
667 
530 
143 

14,354 

00 
34 
87 
20 
41 

50 
32 

13 
14 
15 
16 

Balance  of  June  30 
Folio 

$14,214 
474 
683 
400 
315 

07 
55 
84 
00 
86 

32 

i( 

II 

It 

(1 

i( 

II 

Balance   of  the 
Day-Book 

16,088 

16,088 

X/B* 


Leger  Balances  of  July  31, 1853. 


Cr. 


2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

9 

9 

10 

11 

12 


W.  S.  Christman.  - 

I.  Farrington 

Hallet  &  Brown. . 

Jas.  Richings  . 

C.  Huntington. . . . 

W.  Lawrence. 

R.  Jessup  

W.  B.  Brown 

H.  Small 

P.  S.  Thompson.. 
Balance  of  Leger 


t       8 

40 

55 

37 

499 

56 

150 

119 

65 

73 

14,354 


15,460 


New 


09 
00 
67 

48 
36 
85 
00 
40 
67 
60 
50 


62 


1 

1 
2 
5 

7 

8 

11 


or 


C.  C.  Marsh 

Jonathan  Smith 

Pettis  &  Roome  . .  - 

J.  Stevens 

Barclay  &  Livingston 

W.  A.  Moale 

Parker,  Howard,  & 
Co 


K,  July  31, 1853. 


$  4,651 

10,000 

48 

55 

525 

49 


131 


15,460 


02 
00 
13 
24 
00 
98 


25 


62 


BALANCE-SHEET 


OF 


JULY    31,   1853. 


Smith  &  Marsh. 


35 


ii 


li 


II 


34 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


Be.          Bat  Book  Balances 

OF  July  31, 1853 

Cb. 

13 

14 
15 
16 
17 

Folio 

If 

$    200 
192 
667 
530 
143 

14,354 

00 
34 
87 
20 
41 

50 
32 

13 
14 
15 
16 

Balance  of  June  30 
Folio 

$14,214 
474 
683 
400 
315 

07 
55 

84 
00 
86 

32 

It 

ii 

II 

t( 

II 

Balance   of  the 
Day-Book 

II 

16,088 

16,088 

Be. 


Leger  Balances  of  July  31,  1853. 


Ce. 


2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

9 

9 

10 

11 

12 

VV.  S.  Christman 

I.  Farrington 

Hallet  &  Brown... 

Jas.  Richings 

C.  Huntington 

W.  Lawrence 

R.  Jessup  

W.B.Brown 

H.  Small 

P.  S.  Thompson . . . 
Balance  of  Leger 

$        8 

40 

55 

37 

499 

56 

150 

119 

65 

73 

14,354 

09 
00 
67 
48 
36 
85 
00 
40 
67 
60 
50 

62 

Y 

1 
1 

2 
5 

7 

8 

11 

OE 

C.  C.  Marsh 

Jonathan  Smith 

Pettis  &  Roome  . . . 

J.  Stevens 

Barclay  &  Livingston 

W.A.  Moale 

Parker,  Howard,  & 
Co 

$  4,651 

10,000 

48 

55 

525 

49 

131 

02 
00 
13 
24 
00 
98 

25 
62 

/^ 

15,460 

15,460 

New 

K,  July  31, 1853. 

BALANCE-SHEET 


OF 


JULY    31,   1853. 


Smith  &  Maesh. 


35 


li'^ 


36 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


37 


i 


I 


U  H>. 


Balances   of  our 


2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

9 

9 

10 

11 

12 


Cash balance  on  hand,  per  Cash-B'k 

Bills  receivable balance  on  hand,  per  Bill-B'k. 

Shipments no  returns,  per  Shipment-Book 

Merchandise balance 

W.  S.  Christman balance 

I.  Farrington balance 

James  Richings balance 

Hallet  &  Brown balance 

C.Huntington balance 


in  Store,  per  Inventory 

in  our  favor 

in  our  favor 

in  our  favor 

in  our  favor 

in  our  favor 


William  Lawrence  ..balance  in  our  favor. 

Richard  Jessup balance  in  our  favor, 

W.  B.  Brown balance  in  our  favor. 

Henry  Small balance  in  our  favor. 

P.  S.  Thompson balance  in  our  favor. 


Dollars 


Calculation   to   ascertain   the   gain   or  loss  of  the 
business : — 

Net  Capital  of  July  31,  1853,  as  above.. $15,663  42 
Add  amount  drawn  by  the  partners,  per 
their  accounts 348  98 

16,012  40 
Net  Capital  at  commencement  of  Busi- 
ness, May  4,  1853 15,000  00 

Net  Gain  to  divide 1,012  40 

Of  which  J.  Smith's  share  is 506  20 

"       "      C.  C.  Marsh's  share  is 506  20 


39 


$  1,012    40 


Property   and  Debts 


Cr. 


2 
5 

7 

8 

10 

Bills  payable balance  outstand'g,  per  Bill-Bk 

Pettis  <fe  Roome balance  in  their  favor 

John  Stevens balance  in  his  favor 

$  1,437 

48 

55 

525 

49 

131 

15,663 

37 
13 
24 

Barclay  &  Livingston. balance  in  their  favor 

W  A  Moale balance  in  his  favor 

00 
98 

Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.  balance  in  their  favor 

Balance — being  our  Net  Capital 

Of  which  Jonathan  Smithes  share  is $10,506  20 

"       "       C.  C.  Marsh's  share  is 5,157  22 

25 
42 

15,663  42 

^^^."''''^'^                                            Dollars 

17,910 

39 

1 

'New  i  ore,  July  31,  1853. 

Per  Jno.  Sims. 

!!  i 


JlpW«»IW*WW|iUBJSl(ilJW|ll(«llll|IWO«li 


0  m 


99  SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 

BALANCE-SHEET. 

Instruction.— The  Balance-Sheet  is  to  exhibit  a  statement  of  the  sit- 
yation  of  our  mercantile  affairs — to  show  how  we  stand — or  what  are  our 
property  and  debts  (or  assets  and  liabilities),  our  net  capital,  and  the  net 
gam  of  our  business. 

The  Balance-sheet  should  be  made  out  once  or  twice  a  year ;  oftener 
would  be  attended  with  much  inconvenience,  as  it  is  necessary  to  take  an 
account  of  the  entire  stock  of  goods  on  hand  or  in  store— the  amount  of 
which  forms  an  important  item  on  the  Balance-Sheet. 

In  making  out  the  Balance-Sheet,  you  will  rule  a  sheet  of  cap  paper  to 
correspond  with  the  foregoing  form.     The  entries  on  the  sheet  are  ob- 
tained from  the  Leger,  the  Bill-Book,  the  Cash-Book,  the  Shipment-Book 
and  from  an  inventory  of  goods  unsold  in  the  store  :  the  last  amount  must 
be  supposed  in  the  present  instance,  as  we  have  no  goods. 

When  the  entries  of  all  we  have  and  all  we  owe  are  made  on  the  debtor 
and  creditor  sides  of  the  sheet,  you  will  add  the  debtor  and  creditor  col- 
umns, and  subtract  one  amount  from  the  other.  If  the  debtor  side  ex- 
ceeds, the  balance,  or  excess,  is  net  capital ;  but  if  the  creditor  side 
exceeds,  the  balance  is  the  sum  we  owe  more  than  we  possess. 

The  Gain  or  Loss  of  the  Business  is  found  by  comparing  the  present 
capital  with  the  former,  and  by  adding  to  the  present  capital  whatever 
sums  the  partners  may  have  drawn  out  during  the  time— because,  had  the 
partners  not  drawn  out  anything,  the  present  capital  would  have  been 
larger,  and  consequently  a  larger  gain  for  division.  The  net  gain  of  the 
business,  as  appears  by  the  calculation  at  the  foot  of  the  Balance-Sheet, 
is  $1,012.40 — which  being  ascertained  with  due  care,  should  be  divided 
between  us,  and  carried  to  the  credit  of  our  accounts  in  the  Leger ;  there- 
fore we  make  the  Day-Book  entry  under  date  of  July  31,  so  that  our  indi- 
vidual accounts  may  show  our  present  net  capitals  as  they  appear  on  the 
Balance-Sheet. 

The  sheet  is  closed  or  balanced  by  the  last  two  entries  on  the  credit 
side  (generally  written  in  red),  showing  a  division  of  the  balance— 
$15,663.42— between  the  partners.  Each  partner*s  share  of  the  net  cap- 
ital IS  found  by  adding  his  share  of  the  net  gain  to  the  balance  of  his 
account  as  it  stands. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


39 


CLOSING    ACCOUNTS. 

You  will  now  proceed  to  close  all  the  accounts. 

To  close  an  account  is  to  cause  its  debtor  and  creditor  sides  to  equal 
in  amount. 

Instruction. — Turn  to  the  first  page  in  the  Leger,  and  close  your  own 
account  by  placing  the  balance  on  the  lesser  side  of  the  account,  which 
causes  the  account  to  balance  or  close— that  is,  to  add  up  even ;  then 
draw  the  lines,  and  set  the  totals  at  the  foot  of  the  columns.  The  closing 
entry  should  be  written  in  red  ink,  in  order  to  distinguish  that  entry  from 
all  others  on  the  same  account. 

Proceed  in  the  same  manner  through  the  Leger,  closing  every  account. 


The  object  of  closing  the  accounts  is  to  prevent  them  becoming  very  long 
or  large  in  amount ;  and  where  there  is  a  balance,  to  separate  it  from  t^^e 
rest  of  the  account,  so  that  when  the  account  is  closed  and  the  balan^  ^ 
brought  down,  the  account  may  begin  anew  with  only  one  sum. 


OPENING    ACCOUNTS. 

Instruction. — You  will  now  proceed  to  open  all  the  accounts  which 
you  have  just  closed.  This  is  done  by  bringing  forward  the  balance  :  the 
balance  must  be  brought  down  or  forward  so  as  to  be  what  it  was  before 
the  account  was  closed — that  is,  if  the  person  owes,  the  balance  must  be 
brought  down  on  the  debtor  side  of  the  account,  and,  if  we  owe  the  per- 
son, the  balance  must  be  broufht  down  on  the  creditor  side.  The  bal- 
ances are  brought  forward  in  black  ink. 

By  closing  and  opening  the  accounts  as  you  have  done,  you  separate 
the  balance  from  all  the  other  sums  ;  and  every  account  commences  anew 
with  only  one  sum  on  it,  and  that  sum  is  the  one  which  we  owe  or  which 
is  due  to  us.  The  accounts  are  now  prepared  for  a  continuation  of  the 
business,  if  we  were  going  on  with  more  transactions. 


Remarks. — You  have  now  passed  through  the  course  of  practice  and 
instruction  embraced  in  this  book ;  you  have  disposed  of  the  business  of 
May,  June,  and  July,  consisting  of  more  than  a  hundred  transactions,  in 
the  various  account-books  ;  you  have  made  out  the  Trial  Balance  three 
times ;  you  have  exhibited  the  result  of  your  business  in  the  form  of  a 
Balance-Sheet ;  you  have  opened,  conducted,  closed,  and  re-opened,  about 
twenty-four  accounts  in  the  Leger ;  and,  from  the  frequent  use  you  have 
made  of  the  Invoice-Book,  Sales-Book,  Bill-Book,  Cash-Book,  Day-Book, 
and  Leger,  we  hope  you  have  become  well  acquainted  with  the  nature  and 
object  of  each;  therefore  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  conclude  that  you  possess 
a  good  understanding  of  an  improved  system  of  single-entry  book-keeping. 

One  word  of  advice  :  there  is  a  quality,  which  is  often  predominant  in 
the  minds  of  young  persons,  that  renders  almost  useless  the  most  useful 
knowledge  ;  it  is  carelessness.  There  may  be  an  excuse  for  ignorance, 
but  there  is  none  for  carelessness.  How  very  ridiculous  is  it  to  copy  a 
line,  write  a  word,  or  set  down  a  figure,  and  immediately  after  it  is  done 
to  perceive  that  it  is  wrong.  You  can  not  execute  the  simplest  thing  in 
accounts  without  attention  and  thought ;  therefore  never  attempt  it.  The 
principles  of  book-keeping  being  clearly  established  in  your  mind,  it 
becomes  the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  to  avoid  errors  ;  you  have  only  to 
reverse  the  order  of  thought  and  action,  and  think  before  you  act  instead 
of  after,  which  will  soon  give  you  a  habit  of  correctness,  besides  saving 
you  much  trouble  and  labor. 

I  recommend  to  your  particular  attention  the  calculations  at  the  latter 
part  of  this  book ;  they  are  important. 

The  following  questions  are  given  as  a  review  of  all  you  have  been  en- 
gaged in  during  this  study,  and  it  is  presumed  that  correct  answers  will 
be  readily  afforded  by  you. 


I}?\ 


III  f 


ii 


40 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


41 


IF™' 


I 

4ii| 


I  • 


QUESTIONS 

DESIGNED    TO    REVIEW    THE    STUDENT. 


1.  What  is  the  Cash-Book  ? 

2.  What  is  the  Invoice-Book  ? 

3.  What  is  the  Sales-Book  f 

4.  What  is  the  Bill-Book  ? 

5.  What  is  the  Shipment-Book  ? 

6.  What  is  the  Day-Book  ? 

7.  What  is  the  Leger  ? 

CASH-BOOK. 

o'  wu^'  "^^1!  f"^  *?^  ^'^^  ^"^^y  ^n  tfa«  Cash-Book  ? 
y.   What  will  be  the  second  entry  in  the  Cash-Book  f 

n'  Whi'h's.de'onhe'r  ^^^t^r^  "*t  '^'  ^""^«  >'^"  P^  -"^^^^d  ? 

lo    w^l     I       ?     ,?  Cash-Book  can  show  the  greater  amount  ? 
2.  With  what  should  the  balance  of  the  Cash-B^ok  corre"  7 

cJsh-BTok'i  ""'  "'"^^'  '^^  '^'^^^  ^^^-  -p'-'^^y  -  the 

INVOICE-ROOTT 

!fi*  wu^*  T"^*^  ^^  ^^^  ^'^^  ^""^"y  ^"  the  Invoice-Book? 
lb.   When  do  you  make  entries  in  the  Invoice-Book  ? 

17.  ^rom  what  do  you  make  entries  in  the  Invoice-Book  ? 

18.  Are  your  goods  and  the  goods  of  other  persons,  entered  in  the  same 

way  in  the  Invoice-Book  ?  ^™® 

19.  What  is  the  difference  in  the  entries  ? 

20.  Can  you  ascertain  what  your  merchandise  cost  ? 

21.  How  will  you  find  the  whole  cost  of  your  merchandise  ? 

SALES-BOOK. 

22.  What  will  be  the  first  entry  in  the  Sales-Book  ? 

23.  When  should  you  make  entries  in  the  Sales-Book  ? 

24.  Of  what  should  the  entry  in  the  Sales-Book  consist? 

25.  ^rom  what  do  you  make  out  the  bills  of  goods  sold  ? 

26.  Do  you  make  any  difference  in  the  entries  of  your  goods  and  the 

goods  of  others,  in  the  Sales-Book  ?  J        B      ^  cinu  ine 

27.  Can  you  ascertain  the  total  amount  of  your  sales  f 

28.  Does  the  Sales-Book  include  all  the  sales  ? 

29.  How  will  you  find  the  amount  of  your  sales  ? 


BILL-BOOK. 

30.  What  will  be  the  first  entry  in  the  Bill-Book? 

31.  What  are  the  two  kinds  of  notes  called  ? 

32.  What  is  meant  by  bills  payable  ? 

33.  What  is  meant  by  bills  receivable  ? 

34.  When  are  entries  to  be  made  in  the  Bill-Book? 

35.  Do  you  write  in  every  column  at  the  time  you  enter  a  note  in  the 

Bill-Book  ? 

36.  Which  column  remains  blank  ? 

37.  How  do  you  know  that  all  the  notes  you  had  are  paid  ? 

38.  How  do  you  find  the  amount  of  notes  unpaid  ? 


39. 
40. 
41. 


42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 

46. 
47. 

48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 

52. 
53. 
54. 

55. 

56. 
57. 

58. 

59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 


SHIPMENT-BOOK. 

When  do  you  make  entries  in  the  Shipment-Book  ? 
Of  what  do  the  entries  in  the  Shipment-Book  consist  ? 
What  entry  is  required  in  the  Shipment-Book  when  a  shipment  has 
been  sold  ? 

DAY-BOOK. 

What  will  be  the  first  entry  in  the  Day-Book  ? 

What  transactions  appear  in  the  Day-Book  ? 

When  should  entries  be  made  in  the  Day-Book  ? 

Do  you  make  separate  entries  of  the  persons,  or  do  you  allow  several 
names  to  come  into  one  entry  in  the  Day-Book  ? 

Do  you  enumerate  the  articles  bought  or  sold  in  the  Day-Book  ? 

Why  do  you  not  enumerate  the  articles  bought  or  sold  in  the  Day- 
Book  ? 

Why  do  you  in  every  Day-Book  entry  use  the  terms  Dr.  or  Cr.  ? 

How  do  you  know  when  a  person  is  a  debtor  ? 

How  do  you  know  when  a  person  is  a  creditor? 

If  you  have  owed,  for  some  time,  John  Stevens  $100,  is  he  a  debtor 
or  creditor  ? 

If  you  now  pay  him  what  you  owed,  is  he  a  debtor  or  creditor  ? 

Why  is  he  a  debtor  ? 

In  what  way  is  the  claim  nullified  or  settled  ? 

LEGEE. 

Wherein  is  the  utility  of  the  Leger,  since  what  it  contains  is  in  the 

Day-Book  ? 
From  what  book  do  you  make  entries  in  the  Leger  ? 
What  is  the  balance  of  an  account  ? 
On  which  side  of  John  Stevens's  account  should  the  balance  be,  for 

you  to  owe  him  ? 
What  is  posting  ? 

What  is  debiting  a  person  ?  • 

What  is  crediting  a  person  ? 
What  is  "  on  account"  ? 
What  is  balancing  an  account  ? 
What  is  closing  an  account  ? 
What  is  opening  an  account 


!    '■ 


mmr 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


43 


w 


66. 

67. 

68. 
69. 
70. 
71. 
72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 
78. 
79. 

80. 

81. 
82. 

83. 


84. 
85. 
86. 

87. 
88. 


BUSINESS    TRANSACTIONS, 
^^madef  ^  -"erchandise  for  cash,  in  what  books  should  entries  be 

If  you  buy  on  your  note  ? 

If  you  merely  exchange  merchandise,  what  entries  are  required  ? 
If  you  se  merchandise  on  account,  what  entries  are  required  ?  ' 
If  you  se    merchandise  for  cash,  what  entries  are  required  ?    ' 

required  r'"^''''^'"'  '"  "^"^^  ^'^"^"^  **»  ^^'  "«*«»  ^^at  entries  are 
If  you  receive  cash  of  John  Stevens,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

qdredT^''"  ^''^''  ^'''''"'''  "*^'''  ^^^'  ^°^"^«  ^r«  '^' 

If  you  pay  postage,  what  entries  are  required  ? 
If  you  pay  the  rent  of  your  store,  what  entries  are  required  f 
f  you  pay  rent  for  your  dwelling-house,  what  entries  are  required  f 
U  you  pay  your  note  now  due,  what  entries  are  required  f 

ITJ'l  7  ^"'^^'  ^^^"'  ""?  '^  *^"^"  S^^^^"«'  ^^'  balance  of  ac 
count,  what  entries  do  you  make  ? 

If  you  receive  of  John  Stevens  his  note,  for  balance  of  account,  what 
entries  do  you  make  ?  '       ^ 

What  is  the  difference  between  these  two  notes  ? 

If  a  note  on  John  Stevens  becomes  due  and  remains  unpaid,  what  en- 
tries  do  you  make  ?  ^ 

If  John  Stevens  owes  you  $100  and  you  accept  $98  for  it,  what  sum 
do  you  credit  him  fo|  ?  ^  r  ,     nai  sum 

Wh'v'j/r''  ""''  ^;^"  f '"^""''  ^''''  ^'  ^^'^'"'^^  ^  ^^^'^'  or  creditor  ? 
Why  IS  he  a  creditor  ? 

^^t^"eq«ireT?  '^'''''  ^  ^'''^'  '"  ^''"'  '"^  ^^^  '"*="P'  ''^  ^^^^  ^"^"«« 

Why  do  you  debit  John  Stevens  in  the  last  question  » 
What  18  accepting  a  draft  ?  ,   ' 

TRIAL    BALANCE. 


89.  When  do  you  post  ? 

90.  Is  there  any  way  to  prove  that  you  have  posted  correctly  f 

91.  How  18  that  proof  obtained  ?  ^  ' 

to    Ztl  "Tk  ""'"''^^  ^'^^  ^'r  '^^  P'P^*"  ''^  ^^^'^^  »^«  proof  is  made  ? 
93.  What  are  the  operations  that  are  proved  by  the  Trial  Balance  ? 

Tt'  JJow  often  is  it  expedient  to  make  a  Trial  Balance  i 

95.  Would  you  preserve  the  Trial  Balance  ? 

BALANCE-SHEET. 

96.  What  is  a  Balance-Sheet  ? 

97.  From  what  is  the  Balance-Sheet  made  up  ? 

98.  Which  comes  on  its  debtor  side,  what  you  have,  or  what  you  owe  ? 

99.  How  do  you  ascertain  the  amount  of  your  net  capital  f 
100.  How  do  you  ascertain  the  net  gain  of  your  business  ?  ' 


101.  In  what  way  is  the  amount  of  merchandise  on  the  Balance-Sheet 

obtained  ? 

102.  Why  was  it  supposed  ?  ,      ,.       v  .  i.      u  ia  j 

103.  How  do  you  find  the  gain  on  the  merchandise  that  has  been  sold  T 

104.  Do  you  like  book-keeping  as  a  study  1  ^    ■     ,  a        -n 

105.  I  perceive  you  have  become  adepts  in  the  art  of  single-entry ;  will 

you  engage  in  the  science  of  double-entry  book-keeping  ? 
106    You  are  right ;  and  I  am  much  pleased  that  you  prefer  to  pursue  and 
-^.exhaust  the  subject,  rather  than  to  allow  the  subject  to  exhaust 
you.     What  book  will  you  give  the  preference  in  studying  double- 
entry  book-keeping  ? 


ANSWEES   TO   THE    QUESTIONS 

DESIGNED    TO    REVIEW    THE    STUDENT. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 

6. 

7. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 


15. 

16. 

17. 
18. 
19. 


The  book  in  which  I  enter  every  sum  of  cash  received  and  paid. 
The  book  in  which  are  copied  all  bills  of  goods  bought  or  received. 
The  book  in  which  I  make  a  description  of  all  goods  sold  on  credit. 
The  book  in  which  I  describe  all  the  notes  in  my  favor  or  against  me. 
The  book  in  which  I  describe  the  shipments  I  have  made,  to  be  sold 

for  myself. 
The  book  that  shows  all  the  transactions  which  caused  persons  to 

owe  me,  and  me  to  owe  persons. 
The  book  that  contains  all  the  accounts  of  persons  who  owe  me,  or 

whom  I  owe. 

CASH-BOOK. 

The  sum  of  cash  on  hand  at  the  commencement  of  business. 

The  first  sum  of  cash  paid  away  or  received. 

On  the  creditor  side. 

The  debtor ;  the  creditor  side  can  not  exceed  it. 

It  should  correspond  with  the  sum  of  cash  on  hand. 

No,  sir. 

Neither  ;  they  would  balance. 

INVOICE-BOOK. 
A  description  of  the  goods  on  hand  at  commencement,  or  of  the  first 

goods  purchased. 
At  the  time  the  goods  are  received,  if  no  bill  accompanies  them,  and 

as  soon  as  convenient  if  a  bill  is  furnished. 
From  the  bill  or  invoice  that  is  received. 
Not  exactly. 
The  amounts  of  our  goods  are  extended  into  the  dollars'  column,  and 

the  amounts  of  other  goods  are  not  extended. 


J 


I 


)  K 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 

BUSINESS    TRANSACTIONS. 

If  you  buy  merchandise  for  cash,  in  what  books  should  entries  be 
made  ? 

If  you  buy  on  account— that  is,  not  paid  for— in  what  books  do  you 
make  entries  ? 

If  you  buy  on  your  note  ? 

If  you  merely  exchange  merchandise,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  sell  merchandise  on  account,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  sell  merchandise  for  cash,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  sell  merchandise  to  John  Stevens  on  his  note,  what  entries  are 
required  ? 

If  you  receive  cash  of  John  Stevens,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  receive  cash  for  John  Stevens's  note,  what  entries  are  re- 
quired ? 

If  you  pay  postage,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  pay  the  rent  of  your  store,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  pay  rent  for  your  dwelling-house,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  pay  your  note  now  due,  what  entries  are  required  ? 

If  you  give  or  deliver  your  note  to  John  Stevens,  for  balance  of  ac- 
count, what  entries  do  you  make  ? 

If  you  receive  of  John  Stevens  his  note,  for  balance  of  account,  what 
entries  do  you  make  ? 

What  is  the  difference  between  these  two  notes  ? 

If  a  note  on  John  Stevens  becomes  due  and  remains  unpaid,  what  en- 
tries do  you  make  ? 

If  John  Stevens  owes  you  $100  and  you  accept  $98  for  it,  what  sum 
do  you  credit  him  fo|? 

If  you  draw  on  John  Slevens,  does  he  become  a  debtor  or  creditor  ? 

Why  is  he  a  creditor  ? 

If  John  Stevens  draws  a  draft  on  you,  and  you  accept  it,  what  entries 

are  required  ? 
Why  do  you  debit  John  Stevens  in  the  last  question  ? 
What  is  accepting  a  draft  ?  • 

TBIAL    BALANCE. 

89.  When  do  you  post  ? 

90.  Is  there  any  way  to  prove  that  you  have  posted  correctly  ? 

91.  How  is  that  proof  obtained  ? 

92.  What  name  would  you  give  the  paper  on  which  the  proof  is  made  ? 

93.  What  are  the  operations  that  are  proved  by  the  Trial  Balance  ? 

94.  How  often  is  it  expedient  to  make  a  Trial  Balance  ? 

95.  Would  you  preserve  the  Trial  Balance  ? 

^     BALANCE-SHEET. 

96.  What  is  a  Balance-Sheet  ? 

97.  From  what  is  the  Balance-Sheet  made  up  ? 

98.  Which  comes  on  its  debtor  side,  what  you  have,  or  what  you  owe  ? 

99.  How  do  you  ascertain  the  amount  of  your  net  capital  ? 
100.  How  do  you  ascertain  the  net  gain  of  your  business  ? 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


43 


66. 

67. 

68. 
69. 
70. 
71. 
72. 

73. 
74. 

75. 
76. 
77. 
78. 
79. 

80. 

81. 

82. 

83. 

84. 
85. 
86. 

87. 
88. 


101.  In  what  way  is  the  amount  of  merchandise  on  the  Balance-Sheet 

obtained  ? 

102.  Why  was  it  supposed  ?  .      ..       ^     .      .  u  , 

103.  How  do  you  find  the  gain  on  the  merchandise  that  has  been  sold  ? 

104.  Do  you  like  book-keeping  as  a  study  ? 

105.  I  perceive  you  have  become  adepts  in  the  art  of  single-entry ;  will 

you  engage  in  the  science  of  double-entry  book-keeping  ? 

106.  You  are  right ;  and  I  am  much  pleased  that  you  prefer  to  pursue  and 

■^.exhaust  the  subject,  rather  than  to  allow  the  subject  to  exhaust 
you.  What  book  will  you  give  the  preference  in  studying  double- 
entry  book-keeping  ? 


ANSWEKS    TO   THE    QUESTIONS 
DESIGNED    TO    REVIEW    THE    STUDENT. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 

6. 

7. 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 
18. 
19. 


The  book  in  which  I  enter  every  sum  of  cash  received  and  paid. 
The  book  in  which  are  copied  all  bills  of  goods  bought  or  received. 
The  book  in  which  I  make  a  description  of  all  goods  sold  on  credit. 
The  book  in  which  I  describe  all  the  notes  in  my  favor  or  against  me. 
The  book  in  which  I  describe  the  shipments  I  have  made,  to  be  sold 

for  myself. 
The  book  that  shows  all  the  transactions  which  caused  persons  to 

owe  me,  and  me  to  owe  persons. 
The  book  that  contains  all  the  accounts  of  persons  who  owe  me,  or 

whom  I  owe. 

CASH-BOOK. 

The  sum  of  cash  on  hand  at  the  commencement  of  business. 

The  first  sum  of  cash  paid  away  or  received. 

On  the  creditor  side. 

The  debtor ;  the  creditor  side  can  not  exceed  it. 

It  should  correspond  with  the  sum  of  cash  on  hand. 

No,  sir. 

Neither ;  they  would  balance. 

INVOICE-BOOK. 
A  description  of  the  goods  on  hand  at  commencement,  or  of  the  first 

goods  purchased. 
At  the  time  the  goods  are  received,  if  no  bill  accompanies  them,  and 

as  soon  as  convenient  if  a  bill  is  furnished. 
From  the  bill  or  invoice  that  is  received. 
Not  exactly. 
The  amounts  of  our  goods  are  extended  into  the  dollars*  column,  and 

the  amounts  of  other  goods  are  not  extended. 


'VnV 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


4i 


ii 


<■' 


I 


20.  Yes,  sir. 

2L  It  is  shown  on  the  last  page  of  the  Invoice-Book,  because  the  amounts 
in  the  Invoice-Book  are  carried  forward  from  page  to  page. 

SALES- BOOK. 

22.  A  description  of  the  first  goods  sold  on  credit. 

23.  At  the  time  the  goods  are  sold  or  ordered. 

24.  Of  the  quantity,  quality,  and  price  of  the  goods  sold. 

25.  From  the  Sales-Book. 

26.  Yes,  sir. 

27.  Yes,  sir. 

28.  No  sir.   The  retail  cash  sales  are  not  entered  in  the  Sales-Book  ■  but 

they  might  be  included,  and  then  the  last  page  of  the  Sales-Book 
would  show  the  total  sales. 

29.  By  reference  to  tlie  last  page  of  the  Sales-B.iok,  for  the  credit  sales, 

and  to  the  Cash-Book  lor  the  retail  cash  sales. 

BILL-BOOK. 

30.  A  description  of  the  first  note  issued  against  me,  or  received 

31.  Bills  receivable,  and  bills  payable. 

32.  The  notes  which  are  against  me,  and  which  I  shall  have  to  pay. 
iv  !  ^\^^^^^  ^"^*  3re  in  my  favor,  the  amounts  of  which  I  am  to  receive 

34.  At  the  time  of  receiving  or  issuing  a  note. 

35.  No,  sir. 

36.  The  one  headed  "  Remarks." 

37.  By  reference  to  the  column  headed  "Remarks";  if  there  are  no  blank 

lines  in  this  column,  all  the  notes  are  paid. 

38.  By  selecting  the  amounts  from  the  Bill-Book  with  reference  to  the 

paid  column. 

SHIPMENT-BOOK. 

39.  At  the  time  the  shipment  is  made. 

40.  The  number  of  the  shipment,  the  date,  the  place  consigned  to,  the 

house  consigned  to,  the  amount,  and  the  amount  sold  for 

41.  Merely  the  amount  sold  for  entered  in  the  column  headed  "  Sales." 

BAY-BOOK. 

42.  An  entry  to  show  my  capital,  or  what  I  commence  business  with 

43.  Those  transactions  which  give  rise  to,  or  cause,  debtors  or  creditors 

44.  Daily,  as  the  transactions  occur,  or  once  a  week. 

45.  Both,  sir,  as  convenience  dictates. 

46.  No,  sir ;  not  when  there  are  several. 

47.  Because  it  is  more  convenient  to  keep  a  book  for  that  purpose  in 

which  any  person  in  the  house  may  write—namely,  Sales-Book 

48.  Because  the  persons  of  those  entries  owe  me,  or  I  owe  them  and  no 

terms  appear  to  express  that  as  well  as  "  Dr."  and  "  Cr  "     ' 

49.  I  must  be  stupid,  indeed,  if  I  can't  tell  when  a  person  owes  me  •  and 

when  he  owes  me,  he  is  debtor.  ' 

50.  He  is  creditor,  when  I  owe  him. 

51.  He  is  creditor. 

52.  He  is  debtor. 


53.  Because  he  owes  me  ;  he  owes  me  for  the  amount  I  have  paid  him. 

54.  By  both  parties  owing  each  other  like  amounts. 

LEGEK. 

55.  In  the  Day-Book  the  sums  that  a  person  owes  me  are  scattered  from 

page  to  page,  from  the  beginning  of  the  Day-Book  to  the  end  ;  but 
in  the  Leger  those  sums  are  all  drawn  on  to  one  page,  and  present 
at  one  view  the  result  of  ray  business  with  him. 

56.  From  the  Day-Book. 

57.  The  difference  between  the  debtor  and  creditor  pages  or  columns. 

58.  On  the  creditor  side. 

59.  Making  entries  in  the  Leger. 

60.  Making  an  entry  on  the  debtor  side  of  his  account. 

61.  Making  an  entry  on  the  creditor  side  of  his  account. 

62.  On  "  account"  means  on  credit,  or  to  be  charged  or  entered  on  the 

person's  account. 

63.  Causing  the  debtor  and  creditor  columns  to  equal  or  balance. 

64.  The  same  as  balancing. 

65.  Making  the  first  entry  on  an  account,  or  bringing  forward  the  balance, 

after  the  account  has  been  closed. 

BUSINESS    TRANSACTIONS. 

66.  In  the  Invoice-Book  and  Cash-Book. 

67.  In  the  Invoice-Book  and  Day-Book. 

68.  In  the  Invoice-Book  and  Bill-Book. 

69.  In  the  Invoice-Book  and  Sales-Book. 

70.  In  the  Sales-Book  and  Day-Book. 

71.  In  the  Sales-Book  and  Cash-Book. 

72.  In  the  Sales-Book  and  Bill-Book. 

73.  In  the  Cash-Book  and  Day-Book. 

74.  In  the  Cash-Book  and  Bill-Book. 

75.  In  the  Cash-Book. 

76.  In  the  Cash-Book. 

77.  In  the  Cash-Book  and  Day-Book. 

78.  In  the  Cash-Book  and  Bill-Book. 

79.  In  the  Bill-Book  and  Day-Book. 

80.  In  the  Bill-Book  and  Day-Book. 

81.  One  is  against  me,  and  the  other  is  in  my  favor;  the  first  is  bills 

payable,  the  second  is  bills  receivable. 

82.  In  the  Bill-Book  and  in  the  Day-Book— the  last  to  charge  him  for  the 

sum  of  the  note  due  and  unpaid. 

83.  For  $100. 

84.  My  creditor. 

85.  Because  I  owe  him  the  amount  I  draw  for ;  he  pays  or  is  to  pay,  by 

my  order,  that  sum  for  me. 

86.  In  the  Bill-Book,  if  the  draft  has  time,  and  in  the  Day-Book. 

87.  Because  he  owes  me  ;  by  my  accepting  his  draft  I  agree  to  pay  such 

a  sum  for  him. 

88.  Placing  my  name  on  it,  across  its  face. 


46 


SINGLE-ENTRY  BOOK-KEEPING. 


i^-- 


N 


TRIAL    BALANCE. 

89.  Once  a  month,  if  the  nature  of  the  business  does  not  require  it 

oftener.  ^ 

90.  Yes,  sir. 

91.  By  ascertaining  the  balance  between  the  debtor  and  creditor  sums  in 

the  Day-Book,  and  the  balance  between  the  debtor  and  creditor  sums 

oo    rp!"*  T-  Tiff '  '^  '^®^®  balances  are  alike,  the  proof  is  obtaiiied. 

92.  The  Trial  Balance. 

93.  The  posting,  additions,  and  subtractions,  in  the  Leger. 

94.  Once  a  month. 

95.  Yes,  sir. 

BALAKCE- SHEET. 

96.  It  is  an  exhibition  of  my  property  and  debts-my  assets  and  liabili- 

ties— to  show  how  I  stand  in  business. 

97.  It  is  made  up  chiefly  from  the  Leger,  and  from  the  other  books 

amounts  are  also  obtained  for  it;  the  amount  of  merchandise  un- 
sold on  hand  must  be  found  by  taking  an  account  of  stock— that  is 
an  inventory  of  the  goods  on  hand,  at  cost. 

98.  What  I  possess,  and  on  the  creditor  what  I  owe. 

99.  By  subtracting  what  I  owe  from  what  I  possess.' 

100.  By  subtracting  my  former  capital  from  my  present  capital,  and  add- 

ing to  the  balance  the  amount  found  on  the  debtor  side  of  my  ac- 

,Ai    T**"**"?'  "^^^"^^  ™*5^  ^*^®  ^®®"  ^^*^»  ^"f  personal  expenses. 

101.  By  taking  an  account  of  the  goods  in  store  ;  in  the  present  instance 

It  was  a  supposed  sum. 

102.  Because  I  supposed  that  I  bought,  and  supposed  that  I  sold  •  and 

therefore  I  must  suppose  an  amount  on  hand;  but  were  I  in  real 
business  I  should  not  suppose. 

103.  By  subtracting  the  amount  of  goods  on  hand,  at  cost,  from  the  cost 

of  the  whole  amount  bought,  I  obtain  the  cost  of  what  has  been 
sold ;  this  sum  subtracted  from  the  total  sales  found  at  the  end  of 
the  Sales-Book,  will  give  the  gain  on  the  merchandise  sold. 

104.  105.  106.  


DAY-BOOK. 


S.  &  M. 


1853. 


(i  1  ■ 


47 


i      ■ 


.■-.155.1.11111111 .|lli||inir 


NOTE. 

The  Day-Book,  in  Single-Entry,  is  designed  to  record  all  that  class 
of  transactions  in  which  there  are  persons  whom  we  can  call  Debtors  or 
Creditors. 

The  entries  in  this  book  are  generally  drawn  from  the  Cash-Book, 
Invoice-Book,  Sales-Book,  and  Bill-Book.  In  some  cases  a  transaction 
appears  first  in  this  book. 

From  this  book  the  sums  are  posted— or  transferred  to  the  Leger— for 
these  entries  designate  what  accounts  are  to  be  opened  in  that  book,  and 
who  debited  and  who  credited  for  the  sums. 

The  totals  at  the  foot  of  the  columns  of  each  page  are  used  on  the 
Trial  Balance.  The  figures  in  the  left-hand  column  are  the  pages  of  the 
accounts  in  the  Leger,  placed  against  the  names  at  the  time  of  posting. 


48 


New  York,   May   4,  1853. 


C.  C.  Marsh  Cr. 

For  Cash  received  of  him  as  capital 

Jonathan  Smith  Cr. 

For  Cash  received  of  him  as  capital. 


Pettis  &  Roome                                   Cr. 
For  Merchandise  bought  of  them,  on  ac- 
count. Invoice-book,  folio  1 


Hogan  &  Miller                                   Cr. 
For  Merchandise  bought  of  them,  on  ac- 
count, I.  B.  1 


8 


Hallet  &  Brown                                   Cr. 
For  Merchandise  bought  of  them,  at  six 
months'  credit,  I.  B.  2 

— 11 


John  Stevens 

For  Cash  lent  to  him, 


Dr. 


14 


Hallet  &  Brown                                   Dr. 
For  our  Note  at  six  months,  for  amount 
of  their  bill  of  8th  inst 


15 


Pettis  &  Roome  Dr. 

For  Cash  paid  to  them  on  account- . 


49 


$5000 


10000 


00 


00 


$  50 


09 


296 


36 


50 


396 


00 


36 


265 


60 


59 


42 


296 


36 


1.5621 


38 


^i' 


iW 


iS'1 


I ; 


if 


New  York,   May    16,   1853. 


6 


Charles  Simmons  Cr. 

For  amount  of  his  bill  for  Painting,  <fec. 


'  j  Barclay  &  Livingston  Cr. 

For   balance   of    bill   of  Merchandise, 
I.  B.  2 


17  — 


2      Pettis  &  Roome                                   Dr. 
For  our  Note  at  sixty  days  for 


I 


$   75 


40 


'*    Cash  in  full 


8 


18 


Jonathan  Jone«,  Boston                       Cr. 
For  amount  of  20  bbls.  Mackerel,  recM 
by  the  Commercial  Line,  1.  B.  2 


$200 
15 


i( 


6      Charles  Simmons  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Sundries,  Sales-Book  1 . 

^ — . 1 9  _ 


00 
60 


William  Lawrence  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.  1 . . . 


21 


63 


27 


C.  C.  Marsh  Di 

For  Cash  drawn  for  personal  expense* 

"  *2 


142 


08 


10 


William  B.  Brown  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.  1 . . . 


25 


00 


153 


97 


599  j  92  I 


120 


22 


116    60 


312 


New  York,   May   22,  1853. 


3 


William  Lawrence  Cr. 

For  his  Note,  No.  1,  at  30  days 

"    Cash  in  full 


23 


Charles  Simmons  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  folio  1 


12 


11 


(( 


Peter  S.  Thompson  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S*  B.,  fol.  1, 


(( 


Henry  Small  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  1. 


Wm.  S.  Christman  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  2. . . 


25 


John  Stevens 

For  Cash  received  of  him 


Or. 


« 


12 


I.  Farringi. :.  Dr. 

For  6  sacks  fine  Salt,  at  $3,  S.  B.,  fol.  2 


n 


Peter  S.  Thompson  Dr. 

For  1  qr.  cask  Malaga  Wine,  S.  B.,  fol.  2, 


$     6 


dl 


44 


$  100  '  00 

42  i  08 


00 


60 


31 


99 


72 


04 


18 


16 


215 


00 


20 


36 


200 


00 


342    08 


I::l 


New  York,   May   25,    1853. 


11 


Henry  Small  '  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  2.. 


t( 


James  Richings  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  2. 


$   42 


26 


C.  Huntington  Cr. 

For  5  seroons  Cuban  Tobacco,  I.  B.  fol. 3 


u 


John  Stevens  Cr. 

For  10  bbls.  Whiskey,  I.  B.,  fol.  3.. 


27- 


Joseph  Johnson                                    Dr. 
For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  2.. . 
"    Cash  paid  to  him 


29 


John  Stevens                                       Dr. 
For  our  Note,  No.  5,  at  three  months, 
dated  26th  inst.,  for 


I* 


I.  Farrington  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  2. 


52 


39 


52 


47 


49 
20 


65 
00 


112 


47 


77 


$  80    48 


41 


324 


69 


112,  77 


1  *70    I    ^■Sj 


New  York,    May   29,   1853. 


10 


10 


12 


William  B.  Brown                                D/. 
For  2  chests  of  Y'oung  Hysoa  Tea,  S.  B., 
fol.  3,  amounting  to 

^ 30 


William  B.  Brown                                Cr. 
For  his  Note,  No.  2,  at  three  months, 
for  - 


(( 


11 


Peter  S.  Thompson                              Cr. 
For  his   Note,  No.  3,  at  two  months, 
for 


4( 


Henry  Small 

For  Cash  received  of  him 


Cr. 


Wm.  S.  Christman 

For  Cash  received  of  him 


Cr. 


It 


John  Stevens 

For  Cash  paid  him 


Dr. 


31 


John  Sims  Dr. 

For  Cash  paid  to  him,  on  account . . 


$  93 

50 

$153 

44 
31 
50 

150 

00 

V 

25 

00 

50 

268 

280 

58 


97 


60 


72 


00 


29 


II. 


o 


New  York,   May   31,   1853. 


James  Richiiigs  *  Dj. 

For  1  box  Havana  Sujjar.  S.  B.,  fol.  3. . 


2  I  William  S.  Christman                         Dr. 
For.lbagPepper,  S.B.,  rol.3 


« 


t   50 


62 


I.  Farrington  j)f 

For  7  bbls.  siiperfiiie  Flour,  S.  B.,  fol.  3. 


40 


William  Lawrence  jd^ 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  3. . 


43 


75 


48 


June  1. 


7  I  Barclay  &  Livingston  £>r_ 

For  our  Note,  No.6,at  3  mos.,  for  $122  08 
Less  interest j  gg 


144 


20 


97 


8     W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore  Cr. 

For  Invoice  of  Hams,  received  per 
Schr.  Cherry,  pursuant  to  our  order, 
I.  B.,  fol.  3 


$  120 


22 


i( 


William  Lawrence  n- 

JLtrm  m 

For  Bill  of  Virginia  Hams,  S.  B.  fol.3. . 


$293 


M 


ij 


21 


60 


75 


141 


82 


293 


75 


New  York,  June   3,  1853. 


James  Richings  Dr. 

For  Merchandise  sold  to  him,  S.  B.,  fol.  3 


(I 


I.  Farrington  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  4., 


(t 


Richard  Jessjp  Dr. 

For  4  casks  Linseed  Oil,  S.  B.,  fol.  4. 


10 


Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.                       Cr. 
For  Bill  of  Flour  bought  of  them,  In- 
voice-Book, fol.  3  


3 

4 

•> 

9 
10 


9 
12 
U 


Sundries  q^ 

I.  Farrington,  for  his  Note,  No.  4,  at  3  mos. 
James  Richings,  for  his  Note,  No.  5,  at  3  mos. 
W.  S.  Christman,  for  Cash  received  on  acct. . 
Wm.  Lawrence 
W.  B.  Brown 


i( 


it 


(* 


tt 


(t 


Sundries  j^,. 

Richard  Jessup,  for  Bi^  -'  Sundries,  S.B.fo. 4 
P.S.Thompson       "  "       S.B.,fol.4 

"•^"^a"  "  "      S.B.,fol.4 


55 


$   57 


120 


78 


10 


110 


40 


54 
97 
39 


480    48 


72 

68 
80 


$  222    50 


109 
103 

51 
48 
50 


16 
09 
44 
20 
00 


584  j  39 


t 


fa! 
I 


'fi 


6 

5 


3 
6 

5 


10 


7 
1 


11 


11 


New  York,   June   6,   1853. 


Sundries  Dr. 

Jos.  Johnson,  for  Bill  of  Sundries,  S.B.,  fol.  4 
John  Stevens         "  •*  S.B.,fol.4 


Sundries  Dr. 

Hogan  &  Miller,  for  Cash  paid  to  them 

Charles  Simmons       "  "        him 

C.  Huntington,  for  our  Note,  No.  8,  at  60  days 


Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.                       Dr. 
For  the  following,  delivered  to  them  :- 
1.  Farrington's  Note,  No.  4,  for  . . . 
P.  S.  Thompson's  Note,  No.  3,  for. . 
and  Cash  for 


10 


Sundries  Dr. 

John  Sims,     for  Cash  paid  to  him 

C.  C.  Marsh,  for  Cash  drawn  for  self.  - . 


II 


Alfred  Graham,  Syracuse                    Cr. 
For  2.5  bbls.  Butter,  1.  B.,  fol.  4 


Alfred  Graham  Dr. 

For  Bill  ot  iviisicimndise,  S.  B.,fo].  5 


56 


S  15 

21 


59 

6 

80 


75 
76 


109 
44 
68 


42 
13 

48 


15 
40 


16 
60 

74 


50 
00 


75 


536 


20 


74 


$546 


546 


00 


00 


New  York,  June    12,  1853. 


9 


12 

11 

6 

9 


Sundries  Dr. 

Wm.  B.  Brown,  for  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  5 
P.  S.  Thompson,  for  Y.  H.  Tea,  S.  B.,  fol.  5 
Henry  Small,  for  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  5 
Joseph  Johnson,  for  "  S.  B.,  fol.  5 

Wm.  Lawrence,  for  "  S.  B.,  fol.  5 


$    22    15 
109    00 


6 


2 
3 


(I 


Joseph  Johnson 

For  Cash  paid  to  him 

13 


Dr. 


Sundries  Cr. 

Pettis  &  Roome,  for  balance  of  Bill  of  Sugar, 

I.  B.,  fol.  4 

Hogan  &  Miller,  for  balance  of  Bill  of  Soap, 

I.  B.,  fol.  4 


14 


Sundries  Dr. 

1 1    I  Alfred  Graham,  for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  5 


10     W.  B.  Brown 

3  1 1.  Farrington 

4  I  James  Richings 
9      R.  Jessup 

W.  S.  Christman 


12 


Flour,  S.  B.,fol.5   j 
Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  6 
Sugar,  S.  B.,  fol.  6 
Hams,  S.  B.,  fol.  6 
Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  6 


15 


Peter  S.  Thompson  Cr. 

For  his  Note,  No.  6,  at  60  days,  for. 

•*    Cash  received  on  account 


57 


70  50 

26  50 

66  80 

49  45 

32  76 

79  09 


53 

50 

i 

34 

25 

) 

1        44 

05 

1 

15 

00 

' 

$198  |13 
99  00 


1 
1 

603 

"! 

05 

97  168 
16  120 


411  01 


il! 


•i  11'; 


I 


R: 


1 


1 1 ) 


New  York,  June   15,   1853. 


11 


Henry  Small  Cr. 

For  his  Note,  No.  7,  at  60  days,  for  $83  01 1 , 
Less  interest 82 1 


16 


10 
9 
5 


Sundries  Pr.        ' 

Wm.  B.  Brown,  for  Cash  received  on  account 
Richard  Jessup,  for  Cash  received  on     " 

for  his  Note,  No.  8,  at  4  mos. 


3 


Isaac  Farrington  Cr. 

For  his  Note,  No.  9,  at  3  mos.,  for  $121  96 
Less  interest 1  86 


Sundries  q^ 

Barclay  &  Livingston,  for  Bill  of  Brandy, 

L  B.,  fol.  4 

Hallet  &  Brown,  for  Bill  of  Wines,  I.  B.,  fol.  4 


«« 


!  Sundries  Dr, 

6  Joseph  Johnson,  for  Cash  paid  to  him. . . 

7  j  John  Sims,  for         "  " 
11  A.  Graham,  for         "          *' 

5  C.  Huntington,  for         "  lent  to  him . . . 


(f 


John  Stevens                Cr. 
For  Cash  borrowed  of  him 


58 


$  lO'  00 

10  00 

20  00 

400  00 


440 


$  82  19 


43 


50 

72 


110  40 


120  10 


325  00 
169  38 


300  j  00 


00    1205  i 


New  York,  June    19,  1853. 


H 


2 

4 
9 

9 


1 1 
W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore  Dr. 

For  am't  of  his  Draft,  at  ten  days'  sight,  | 

in  favor  of  C.  Huntington,  accepted . .       $  200    00 


11 

11 
10 


Sundries  Dr. 

W.  S.  Christman,  for  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  6 
James  Richings,  for  "  S.  B.,  fol.  6 

Richard  Jessup,  for  "  S.  B.,fol.6 

Wm.  Lawrence,  for  "  S.  B.,fol.6 

20 


Joseph  Johnson                                     Cr. 
For  amount  of  his  Bill  for  masonry  and 
other  work  on  acct  Mr.  Marsh 


Joseph  Johnson 

For  Cash  paid  to  him  in  full 


Dr. 


(( 


t( 


C.  C.  Marsh  Dr. 

For  Cash  drawn  for  expenses 

J.  Jonson's    Bill   for   building — his 
account 

^21 


Sundries  Dr. 

Alfred  Graham,  for  Merchandise.,  S.  B.,  fol.  7 
P.  S.  Thompson,  for  "  S.  B.,  fol.  7 

Henry  Small,     for  «  S.  B.,  fol.  7 

Wm.  B.  Brown,  for  «  S.  B.,  fol.  7 


59 


36 


50 


44    00 


41 
59 


80 
85 


31 


$175    80 


15 


15    00 


175 


80 


59    30 

30    97 
81    08 

43  150 


818    95 


IT 


y 


n 


1.  J<»«1# 


New  York,   June   22,  1853. 


11   C.  C.  Marsh                                         Dr.        ! 
For  Merchandise   «ent    to   the   house, 
S.  B.,  fol.  7 $    18    18 


23 


Hallet  &  Brown  Or. 

For  the  following  Notes,  delivered  to 
them  on  account : —  | 

No.  5,  on  James  Richings,  for. .  $103  09 1 
No.  9,  on  I.  Farrington,-     "  . .    121  96 


25 


Sundries  Dp, 

2     W.  S.  Christman,  for  Merchandise,  S.  B.,  fol.  7 

9     Richard  Jessup,  for  "  S.B.,fol.7 

11     Alfred  Graham,   for         «  S.B.,fol.7 

5     John  Stevens,      for         ••  S.  B.,  fol.  7 


8 


26 


W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,                     Dr. 
For  Bill  of  Merchandise  shipped  to  him 
by  his   order,   per  Schr.   Fair  Star, 
S.  B.,  fol  8 


27 


8     Jonathan  Jones,  Boston,  Dr. 

For  his  Draft  on  us  at  sight,  in  favor  of 
C  Huntington,  accepted,  for 


593    62 


316    60 


60 


If 


225 

05 

52 

50 

i 

24 

00 

129 

00 

23 

00 

New   York,   June   27,    1853. 


I  1 1 

5  1  C.  Huntington  Cr.         || 

For  J.  Jones'  Dratt,  at  sight,  on  us  in  his  ; 
favor,  accepted  and  passed  to  acct.,  for 


30 


Sundries  *    Cr. 

4   '  J.  Richings,  for  his  Note,  No.  10,  at  90 ds.,  for 
W.S. Christman,     "         No.U,  at3  mos.  " 


4 
2 


Sundries  Cr. 

James  Richings,  for  Cash  received  of  him.  - 
W.  S.  Christman,  ''  Cash      " 


(( 


11 
12 


11 
12 


July  2. 


Sundries  Cr. 

Henry  Small,  for  his  Note,  No.l2,  at  60  ds.,  for 
P.S.Thompson,       "         No.l3 


it 


ti 


Sundries  Cr. 

Henry  Small,   for  Cash  received  of  him. . . 
P.S.Thompson,"  Cash 

4 


(t 


John  Stevens  Dr. 

For  amount  of  J.  Jones'  Draft  on  him,  at 

sight,  accepted  and  passed  to  acct. . .    |j  $  200    00 


(( 


8    .  Jonathan  Jones,  Boston  Cr. 

For  amount  of  his  Draft  on  J.  Stevens, 
remitted  to  us 


61 


1 S 


$316 

60 

1 

100 

00 

120 

00 

25    00 
40    00 


t'ui 

IJO 

t 
1 

$  130 
100 

4 
39 

200 

1 

00 
00 

58 

97 

00 

55 

a  ■ 


i 


t  . 


HI 


1 4 


New  York,  July   6,   1853. 


William  Lawrence  Cr. 

For  his  Note,  No.  11,  at  three  months, 

for $127  44 

Less  interest j  94 


8 


$  125    50 


2      Pettis  &  Roome  Dr 

j  For  our  Draft  on  W.  A.  Mode,  sold  to 

them  on  account ^  15Q    qq 


ti 


8      W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  Cr. 

For  our  Draft  on  him  at  ten  days'  sight, 
ill  favor  of  Pettis  &  Roome 

^-^ 10        ' 


7     Barclay  &  Livingston  Cr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise  bought  of  them, 
L  B.,  fol.  5 


12 


12      George  Morris  Dr. 

For   Freight   and    Drayage   on   lot  of 
peaches  received  on  commission 


16 


John  Sims  q^^ 

For  amount  of  two  months' salary  due  him 


if 


8      John  Sims 

For  Cash  paid  him  in  full . . . 


Dr. 


62 


150    00 


325    00 


9    50 


83    34 


32  '  84 


4 
9 


8 


10 


11 


12 


New  York,  July    17,  1853. 


W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  Cr. 

For  his   Draft  at  three  days'  sight,  on  - 
C.  Huntington,  accepted 


19 


Sundries  Dr. 

W.  B.  Brown,    for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  9 

for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  9 
Henry  Small,     for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  9 

for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  9 
P.  S.  Thompson,  for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  9 


21 


Sundries  Dr. 

3   ',  Hogan  &  Miller,  for  .Cash  paid  to  them  in 

full 

Barclay  &;  Livingston,  for  Cash  paid  on  ac- 
count   II 

11      Alfred  Graham,  for  Cash  paid  on  account . . 

1      C.  C.  Marsh,  for  Cash  drawn $50  00 

for  Merchandise 25  00 


Sundries  Dr. 

James  Richings,  for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  8   ,  $    11  25 

Wm.  Lawrence,  for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  8  j!  11  25 

forBillof  M(]se.,S.  B.,fol.8  ij  45  60 

Richard  Jessnp,  for  Bill  of  Mdse.,  S.  B.,  fol.  8  1 1  25 

forBillof  Mdse.,  S.B.,  fol.  8  73  00 


18 


63 


11 


25 


16  00 

55  j67 

10  00 

73  160 


99  00 


125 
50 


75 


00 
00 

00 


fUw  S7 


W) 


$400  00 


too  00 


lis 


1    ( 

i,    I.  t 


12 


New  York,  July   23,   1853. 


George  Morris                                     Cr. 
For  amount  of  sales  of  25  bbls.  Dried 
Peaches,   sold   for   his   account,  per 
Account-Sales  rendered  him 


$125    00 


12      George  Morris  Dr. 

For  Storage  on  25  bbls.  1  month 

*'     Commission  on  $125,  at  5  per  ct- 


$ 


07 


5    '  C.  Huntington  Dr. 

For  our  shipment  to  Charleston,  of  20th 

inst.,  sold  to  him $377  00 

For  10  per  ct.  advance  on  same      37  70 


12 


28  

George  Morris  ,  Dr. 

For  Bill  of  Merchandise  sold  to  him, 

S.  B.,  fol.  9 

For  Cash  paid  to  him 


29 


10 


Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.                      Cr 
For    Balance    of  Bill    of    Merchandise 
bought  of  them,  I.  B.,  fol.  5 


3 
9 


— 30 

Sundries  Cr. 

I.  Farrington,    for  Cash  received  of  him 
Richard  Jessup,       " 


tt 


64 


1    00 
6    25 


414    70 


61     87 
46    38 


131     25 


26  '80 
32  j81 

:  1 ::  '  86 


New  York,  July  30,  1853. 


17 


11 


Alfred  Graham                                  Dr. 
For  his  Draft  on  us  in  favor  of  Rich. 
M'Murray,  accepted 


$142!  00 


H 


8  !   W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  Dr. 

For  Balance  of  Interest,  as  per  account- ^ 
current  of  this  date  sent  to  him 


It 


5     C.  Huntingten  Dr. 

For  Balance  of  Interest,  as  per  account- 
current  of  this  date  rendered  him .... 


31 


1 


Sundries  Qf 

Jonathan  Smith,  for  his  half  Net  Gain  of  the 

Business,  as  per  Balance-Sheet 

C.  C.  Marsh,  for  his  half  Net  Gain,  as  per 

Balance-sheet  of  this  date 


65 


Oi  16 


{ 
l|26 


J  43 


41 


$  506 1  20 


506 !  20 

} 


i^    i 


it 

f 


LEGER. 


S.  &  M. 


1853. 


Note. — This  is  the  book  of  accounts:  in  it  every  person  who  has  owed 
us,  or  to  whom  we  have  owed  any  sum,  has  a  page  or  place  allotted  to  him ; 
and  on  that  page  will  be  found  drawn  together  every  sum  that  he  may 
have  owed  us,  or  we  have  owed  him,  from  the  beginning  of  our  business 
to  the  present  time.  The  space  thus  devoted  to  a  person  is  called  his 
account:  to  this  account  we  lum,  when  we  wish  to  know  what  is  due 
to  him  or  to  us. 

The  entries  in  this  book  are  always  drawn  from  the  Bay-Book. 
The  column  next  to  the  amounts,  or  sums,  is  the  page  of  the  Day-Book 
from  which  the  entry  is  taken.  When  the  pages  of  the  Leger  are  wide 
enough,  we  always  put  the  Dr.  and  Cr.  sides  of  the  account  on  the  same 
page,  and  not  make  one  page  of  two,  as  within. 

The  Index  is  generally  a  separate  book. 


67 


INDEX. 


INDEX. 


III 


I 


II 


A. 


1 1      m!M  • 

i  Graham,  Alfred 


11 


fi 


II 


j  Barclay  &  Livingston 7  ij  Hogan  &  Miller 3 

Brown,  W.B 10    i  Hallet  &  Brown 4 

'  Huntington,  Calvin 5 


Christman,  W.  S 2 


B. 


Wjl 


Farrington,  Isaac, 


68 


Jones,  Jonathan,  Boston 8 

Johnson,  Joseph 6 

Jessup,  Richard 9 


3       Lawrence,  William 9 


Xt  JL  • 


I!^« 


Marsh,  C.C 1       Smith,  Jonathan 1    ' 


Moale,  W.  A.,  Baltimore 


8       Stevens,  John 5 


Morris,  George,  Newark 12 


i 


Simmons,  Charles 6 

Small,  Henry 11 

Sims,  John 7 


M. 


Thompson,  Peter  S 12 


O. 


Pettis  &  Roome 2 

Parker,  Howard,  &  Co 10 


U. 


V. 


I^^.. 


u. 

Richings,  James 


"Hr^ 


-t.  jL.  »      JL  •     mlA  ■ 


69 


tt 


(( 


Dr. 


Christopher 


For  Cash 

*'     Cash 

*'     Sundries 

"     Merchandise 

**     Sundries 

Balance  carried  forward 


2 

$      25 

8 

40 

!    11 

190 

12 

18 

15 

75 

■1 

5,157 

5,506 

J*. 

00 
00 
80 
18 
00 


20 


C.   Marsh. 


1853. 

May 
My 


1853. 

July 


4 
31 


31 


For  Net  Capital  in  Cash 
"     Net  Gain 


For  Balance  brought  down 


Cr. 


II 


1 

17 


$  5,000 
506 


00 
20 


5,506    20 


$  5,157    22 


Dr. 


Jonathan 


.Iiilv 

31,. 

Balance 

..-.»»*- 

,^f— "^ 



70 

$10,506 

20 

-^-^ 

10,506 

20 

Smith. 


1853. 

May 
July 


1853. 

July 


31 


Cr. 


For  Cash 

"    Net  Gain 

For  Balance  brought  down. 


$10,000    00 
506    20 


10,506 


$  10,506 


20 


20 


71 


i 


1859. 

May 

M 


U 


July- 


is 

17 

17 

8 

31 


Dr. 

For  Cash 

"    our  Note  at  60  days 

"     Casli 

"    our  Draft  on  W.  A.  Moal« 

Balance 


Pettis   & 


1 

2 

3  I 
14 


$     50 
200 


00 

00 


15'  60 
150    00 

48    13 


463  I  73 


ROOME. 


1BS3. 

May 


5      For  Merchandise 


1863. 

July     I  31 


For  Balance  brought  down 


Cr. 


June     .13        "     Merchandise j    9 


•v) 


$     265  i60 
198  !  13 


463    73 


$       48    13 


''1 


f 
i 


Dr. 


18S3. 


William   S. 


May       23      For  Merchandise {    3    |    f     99    04 

31   j     "     Merchandise    

June       14       «    Merchandise 

"     Merchandise 

"     Merchandise 


(I 


1853. 


July       31    j  For  Balance  brought  down. 


72 


2    40 

79  109 

36  !50 

{ 
52    50 


269    53 


8  109 


Christman. 


1853. 


May    ;  30 


June 
(I 


(t 


July 


5 
30 
30 

.11 


Cr. 


For  Cash 5      $ 

"    I     7   ii 

"    his  Note  at  3  mos !  13 


t  I 


"  Cash... 
Balance 


13 


50  iOO 

51  44 


120 
40 

8 


269 


00 
00 

09 

53 


Dr. 


1853. 

June         7      For  Cash 


July       21 


i(       «i 


itiss* 
May 


(t 


June 


i$ 


lt63. 


De. 


25 
29 
31 
3 
14 


July        31       For  Balanc%J)rought  down 


74 


HOGAN     & 


8         $      59    42 
15  99    00 


158    42 


For  Merchandise 3 

'*     Merchandise 4 

"     Merchandise i      6 

"     Merchandise 7 

"     Merchandise 9 


Isaac 

$  18  00 
47  !41 
43    75 

120     10 
66    80 


296    06 


$     40    00 


Miller. 


1853. 

May 


For  Merchandise 


June        13        "     xMerchandise 


Farrington. 


1853. 

June 


Cr. 


\ 


Cr. 


t( 


July 


5      For  his  Note,  No.  4,  at  3  mos 7 

16  i     "     his  Note,  No.  9,  less  interest 10 

30        «     Cash 16 

Bahiiiee . 


$ 


^ 


1       $        59    42 
9  I  99    00 


158    42 


109  16 

120  10 

26  80 

40  00 

296  06 


75 


'  It 
f 


I 
I 

i 

..■IS      li 


il 


i 

I 


€ 


Dr. 


Hallet   & 


1853. 


May        14      For  our  Note,  No.  2,  at  6  mos 1       $     296 

June       23        "    sundry  Notes 12  225 


36 
05 


521     41 


1853. 


July        31       For  Balance  brought  down  . . 


$       55 '  67 


if 


Dr. 


James 


1853. 

May 

K 

June 
«• 

(4 

July 


25 
31 
3 
14 
19 
17 


For  Merchandise I  41 

Merchandise (  q 

Merchandise 7 

Merchandise 9 

Merchandise 1 1 

Merchandise I  15 


1B53. 

July 


31      For  Balance  brought  down 


76 


Brown. 


1853. 

May 


8      For  Merchandise 


June        17        " 


Jui 


i( 


I  .:>  a  I.  a  >!«;•.. 


RiCHINGS. 


For  his  Note,  No.  5,  at  3  mos, 

"    his  Note,  No.  10 

Cash 


Baiaiiet! 


77 


Cr. 


Cr. 


7 

13 
13 


$ 


4 


1 

$ 

296 

36 

10 

169 

38 

55 

67 

521 

41 

1 

103    09 

100    00 

I 

25    00 


48 


265    57 


IMi 


|!fl| 


jl 


LI 


I 


1 

'I 


ill 


ii 


f) 

1853< 

May 

11 

i  • 

29 

(t 

30 

June 

6 

*( 

25 

July 

4 

Dr. 

For  Cash » 1 

*'     our  Note,  No.  5,  at  3  mos 4 

I'      "     Cash '  5 

**     Merchandise 8 

**     J.  Jones'  Draft  in  our  favor 13 


John 


i   50 

00 

112 

77 

150 

00 

21 

70 

23 

00 

200 

00 

612    77 


Dr. 


Calvin 


TBSS. 

June 

7 

u 

17 

July 

27 

«4 

30 

For  our  Note,  No.  8,  at  60  days 8 

"     Cash 10 

"     Shipment  to  Charleston 16 

"     Interest 17 


$ 


80  48 

400  00 

414  70 

1  26 


1153* 


July        31      For  Balance  brought  down 


896  44 

$ 

1 

i 

499  36 

i; 
,1 

78 


Stevens.  Cr. 

1853.  I  { 

May       25!    For  Cash 3 

"       ;   26  ■     "     Merchandise ,  4 

i 

June        17        "     Cash I  10 


5 

200 

00 

112 

77 

300 

00 

185.1. 


July        31       For  Balance  brought  down 


612    77 


$        55    24 


Huntington. 


[  26      For  Merchandise 

27        "     J.  Jones'  Draft  at  sight 


Cr. 


4 

i   13 


80  ;  48 
316  i  60 


499     36 


896    44 


79 


:i; 


rm 


1 1) 


ti|; 


1863. 

May 
June 


1853. 

May 

11 

June 

u 
it 
t( 


Dr. 

i 

18  1   For  Merchandise 

23  i     "    Merchandise 

7        '^     Cash 


27      For  Merchandise 

"     Cash 

"     Merchandise 
"     Merchandise 

"     Cash 

"    Cash 


6 
12 


17 

20 


Charles 


Joseph 


4 
4 
8 
9 
9 
10 


$ 


"     Cash !   11 


49  65 
20  00 
15  j  75 

34  125 
15  iOO 


10 


00 


31     15 


i 

175 

80 

Simmons. 


For  Bill  of  Fainting 


Johnson. 


1853. 

June     1 20 


For  amount  of  Bill 


81 


Cr. 


2 


f       75 


40 


75 


40 


Cb. 


I  I 


>1 


i 


y 


ii  •«' 


il  i 


I, 


June 
July 


Dr. 

1    I  For  our  Note,  No.  6,  at  3  mos 
21    I     "     Cash 


I » 111  an 


iiaiict:'  . . . . . . 


Dr. 


1863. 

May 
lime 


31 

i 
10 

i    17 


filly        16 


82 


Barclay    & 


6 
15 


120 
125 


11..,/  Awll  'l.iiJ' 


«<6 

00 

00 


770    22 


John 


For  Cash . . 
•'     Cash.. 

"     Cash.. 
"     Cash.. 


5 

8 

10 

14 


$ 


25 
15 
10 


00 
50 

00 


32]  84 
34 


83 


Livingston. 


Cr. 


1653. 

May    !    16 
June       17 


July 


18S3. 

July 


10 


For  Merchandise |      2 

"     Merchandise \    10 

"     Merchandise t    14 


$  120!  22 
325  00 
325    00 


31  1    For  Balance  brought  down 


Sims. 


Cr. 


1853. 


July    I    16  I    For  two  months'  services 


8S 


770    22 


$     525    00 


I 

I* 
ll 


^t 


f 


I)e. 


Jonathan 


1853. 


JiJD«       27      For  his  Draft  on  us 


12 


$     316    60 


316 


60 


Dr. 


W.  A. 


For  his  Draft  on  us |  1 1 

"    Merchandise i  12 

Balance  of  Interest |  17 

Balance 


$ 


200 
593 


843    75 


00 
62 
15 

98 


U 


Jones,    Boston. 


1853. 

May 

July 


18 
4 


For  Merchandise 

"     his  Draft  on  J.  Stevens 


MOALE,    Baltimore. 


1851. 

June 

3 

July 

8 

(( 

18 

1853. 

July 

31 

• 

For  Bill  of  Hams 

"     our  Draft  on  him 

"     his  Draft  on  C.  Huntington 


For  Balance  brought  down 


Cr. 


2       $ 

i! 

13 

I  _ 


Cr. 


116    60 
200    00 

316    60 


6 

14 
15 

i 
i 

1 

$     293 
150 
400 

843 

$       49 

75 

00 
00 

75 

98 


85 


if ' 


!  ; 


i< 


CI 


1853. 


1853. 


Dr. 


William 


1853. 

May 

19 

Fc 

a 

31 

June 

3 

« « 

12 

(( 

19 

July 

17 

it 

■ 

For  Merchandise 2 

»  Merchandise 6 

'*  Merchandise 6 

"  Merchandise 9 

"  Merchandise !    11 

"  Merchandise 15 

"  Merchandise 


July       31      For  Balance  brought  down  . . . 


Dr. 


1853. 

June 

3 

For  Merchandise 

4* 

6 

*'     Merchandise 

it 

14 

"     Merchandise 

t( 

19 

"     Merchandise 

i( 

25 

•'     Merchandise 

July 

17 

"     Merchandise 

(( 

i( 

"     Merchandise 

July       31      For  Balance  brought  down , 


86 


142    08 

48  I  20 

I' 

21  I  60 

44  j  05 
59  85 
11  I  25 

45  60 


372  !  63 


$        56    85 


Richard 


7 

7 

9 

11 

12 
15 


up 


110    40 
54    72 

:l 

32!  76 
41  I  80 
24  00 
11  25 
73  '  00 


347    93 


f     150 


00 


Lawrence. 


1853. 

May 
(( 

June 
July 


22    i  For  his  Note,  No.  1 ,  at  30  days 

"         *'     Cash 

5  I     "     Cash 

I 
j 

6  1"     his  Note,  No.  14,  less  interest. 


31 


Balojico 


Cr. 

3  !■ 

3 

7 

14 


Jessup. 


Cr. 


1853. 

June 


(( 


July 


16 

(( 

30 


For  his  Note,  No.  8,  at  4  mos.. . , j  10 

"     Cash " 

Cash ;  16 

Balance 


(( 


.J/ 


100  1 00 

42    08 

48  J2O 

125  150 

56     ^^) 


372    63 


f      110  140 


54 
32 

150 


72 
81 
00 


347    93 


87 


it  '■' 


i 


10 

1853. 

May 

«( 

June 


July 


it 


18S3. 

July 


29 
12 
14 
21 

19 


It 


31 


Dr. 

I  For  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 

'    "  Mercha;.dise 

'*  Merchandise 

**  Merchandise 

'     •'  Merchandise 

*•  Merchandise 

For  Balance  brought  down 


William 


2 


9 

9 

11 

15 


153 
93 
22 
26 
43 
11 


97 
50 
15 
50 
50 
25 


16    00 


366    87 


$      119 


40 


Dr. 


Parker, 


For  I.  Farrington's  Note,  No.  4,  at  3  mos. 
"     P.  S. Thompson's  Note,  No. 3,  at  2 mos. 

oasu  •••-••....••....«.. ........ 

p. ' 

I >  '  ..... 


8 

8 
8 


109 
44 
68 

.1  «j  1 


353 


16 
60 
74 


25 


75 


88 


B    Brown. 


1853. 

May 

June 
ff 

inlv 


30 

5 

16 


Howard,    &   Co. 


Cr. 


For  his  Note,  No.  2,  at  3  mos. 

"     Cash 

"     Cash 

Balance  -. . . . .  „      .    . 


5 

7 
10 


Cr. 


153  I  97 
50    00 


43 

50 

i 

366 

87 

1 1 

J..  A 

1853. 

May 

u 

June 

t( 

It 
J  Illy 


23 
25 

6 
12 
19 

19 

t( 


1853. 

July 


31 


Dr. 

For  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 

"  Merchandise 


Henry 


For  Balance  brought  down 


3 

4 

7 

9 

U 

15 

IC 


31  i72 
42    39 


39 
53 


80 
50 


81    08 


55 

10 


67 
00 


314     16 


65    67 


Small. 


Cr. 


1853.  I 

May  30 

June  15 

July  2 


It 


ti 


For  Cash ;  5 

"    his  Note,  No.  7,  less  interest 10 

"     his  Note,  No.  12 13 

"     Cash i  " 


$ 


11 


31     72 

82  I  19 
130  i  00 


U  R. 


XX  LirREJj 


Graham,    Syracuse. 


Cr. 


I 


It 


m 


I  Hi 


I 


1853. 

June 


it 


«c 


u 


July 


tt 


11 
14 
17 
21 
25 
21 
30 


For  Merchandise  . . . 

"  Cash 

"  Cash 

"  Merchandise  . . 

"  Merchandise  . . , 

"  Merchandise  . . 

"  his  Draft  on  us 


90 


J 

8 

$       75 

20 

9 

70 

50 

10 

20 

00 

11 

59 

30 

12 

129 

00 

15 

50 

00 

17 

142 

00 

00 

546 

1853. 

Juno, 

11 

For  Merchandise 

8 

$     546 

00 

- 

// 

546 

00 

91 


p  ?f  •■ 

'  ir 


10 

18&3* 

May 

14 

June 

it,  . 

u 


ISAS. 


1853. 


(t 


(( 


u 


u 


Dr. 


X"^  £  X  £  xv     O. 


23 
25 
6 
12 
21 
15 


For  Merchandise 
"  Merchandise 
"  Merchandise 
*'  Merchandise 
"  Merchandise 
"     Merchandise 


3 
3 
7 
9 
11 
15 


$ 


44  60 
16  20 
97  68 
109  00 
30  97 
73  i  60 


372  05 


July        31       For  Balance  brought  down 


$       73    60 


Dr. 


George 


July        12  j    For  Freight  and  Cartage j    14  ;  i   $ 

23  I     "     Storage j    16 

"     Commission 


'*     Merchandise 
«     Cash 


92 


Thompson. 


Cr. 


1853. 

May    I  30  i  For  his  Note,  No.  3,  at  2  mos 
June        15  I     "     his  Note,  No.  6,  at  60  days. 

"       I    "    i     "     Cash 

July    12!"    his  Note,  No.  13,  at  60  days 
"     Cash 


5       $ 
9 


« 


({ 


i>l 


(t 


13 


(( 


t  i  ii  i  1    ,; 


Morris,    Newark. 


Cr. 


93 


12 


1 

44  60 

97  68 

16  I  20 

100  I  00 

39  97 

73  60 


372  05 


1853. 

July 

.  23 

For  Amount  of  Sales ••• 

1 

$     125 

A. 

■ «4 

00 

.fi 

_^^^ 

125 

00 

' 

lil 


'  'I 
" '  1 


id 
1 


[Form  of  a  Draft  accepted,  or  an  Acceptance.] 

[From  Transaction  60— June  19.] 


$200*   1 100 


Baltimarej  June  17,  1853. 


\' 


Ten  days  aftat  sight  pay  to  the  order  of  Calvin 

Huntington    Two    Mwndred    Dollars^    value    received,    and 

charge  the  account  of 

Your  ohedient  servant, 

'■ J' 

To  a,  William  A.  Moalb. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Maesh, 

Merchants,  New  York. 

Duo  July  2  '53. 


94 


CASH-BOOK. 


S.  &  M. 


1863. 


Note. — Whatever  the  accounts  and  the  system  of  keeping  them  may 
be — however  the  number  of  books  may  vary — whether  by  double  or  sin- 
gle entry,  large  business  or  smaJl,  still  a  Cash-Book  appears  indispensa- 
ble. No  branch  of  one's  business  is  as  soon  deranged  as  the  monetary, 
because  no  kind  of  property  passes  as  quickly,  and  leaves  as  few  traces 
behind  it,  as  that  called  money. 

Few  things  irritate  a  man  more  than  a  bad  cash  account.  To  remem- 
ber how  much  has  been  received — to  know  how  little  remains  on  hand 
—to  be  unable  to  account  for  the  difference,  "puzzles  the  mind,"  impairs 
the  confidence  that  should  exist  between  partners  as  well  as  in  clerks, 
and  makes  enemies  of  those  who  might  otherwise  have  been  friends. 

Let  us,  therefore,  keep  a  correct  cash  account :  let  one  of  us,  or  the 
book-keeper,  keep  the  key  of  the  cash,  and  be  accountable  for  all  defi- 
ciencies in  it.  On  the  debtor  (Dr.)  side  of  the  Cash-Book  enter  every 
sum  of  money  received,  and  on  the  creditor  (Cr.)  side  every  sum  paid 
out,  with  full  explanations ;  and  then  the  balance  between  the  two 
will  agree  with  the  money  on  hand.  Balance  the  cash  daily — or  weekly 
if  you  prefer,  but  watch  it  closely. 


95 


- 


>i 


\k 


\  I 


I 


ff 


I 

1853. 

May 
II 

II 

II 
II 

11 
II 
It 
II 

41 
it 
11 
II 


Dm. 


Cash 


Cr. 


May 

June 


II 

i( 

u 
(( 
It 
11 

II 


4 

it     ! 

13 
21 

22   J 

23 

25   ,i 
It 

It 

So 

30 

(t 

31 


Received  of  Jonathan  Smiili  as  Capital 

"        of  C.  C.  Marsh  as  Capital 

"         for  Retail  Sales  of  this  day 

"        for  Retail  Sales 

"  of  Wm.  Lawrence,  for  balance  of  acct. 

"         for  Retail  Sales 

"         of  John  Stevens,  for  loan  of  1 1th 

"        of     "  '*         as  loan   

"         for  Retail  Sales 

"         for  Retail  Sales 

"         of  Henry  Small  on  account 

"        of  Wm.  S.  Christman  on  account 

"         for  Retail  Sales 


$10,000 

! 

lOO 

5,000 

00 

28 

64 

44 

62 

42 

08 

38 

94 

50 

00 

150 

00 

17 

92 

J 

50 

31 

72 

50 

00 

34 

40 

31 
3 

5 

II 

tt 

II 

11 
15 

16 

ft 


tl 

17 

t( 

If 

21 

II 

II 

If 

II 

« 

Balance  in  Bank,  &c 

Received  for  Retail  Sales 

for  Retail  Sales 

of  W.  S.  Christman  on  account 

of  Wm.  Lawrence  on  account 

of  W.  B.  Brown  on  account 

for  Retail  Sales 

of  P.  S.  Thompson  on  account 

of  W.  B.  Brown  on  account 

of  R.  Jessup  on  account 

of  John  Stevens,  as  a  loan 

for  Brown's  Note,  No.  2,  disct.,  $153  97 

for  Jessup's  Note,  No.  8,  disct.,  $110  40 

Forward 


tl 


It 


It 


II 


II 


tl 


II 


$14,612 

84 

1 

35 

145 

56 

80 

51 

44 

48 

20 

50 

00 

29 

64 

16 

20 

43 

50 

54 

72 

300 

00 

152 

07 

108 

17 

15,559 

03 

f)6 


1853. 

May 


II 
If 
II 
II 
II 
II 

li 
II 
II 
II 
II 
If 
If 
It 
tl 

if 

tt 


1SS9. 

June 


ft 


It 


tl 


tl 


it 


It 


It 


II 


11 


II 


It 


I 


6 

It 

If 

11 
15 
16 

17 

18 

tt 

21 

27 
11 

If 

28 
30 

31 

(t 


2 

3 
If 

7 

ft 

9 

10 

tt 

ft 

13 

17 
11 


Paid  John  Stevens  for  Bill  of  this  date 

"     Hone,  Coster,  &  Co.,  for  Bill  of  this  date . . . 

"     for  Fixtures  bought  of  J.  Conrad 

"     for  Drayage,  to  William  Baker 

"     to  John  Stevens  as  a  loan 

"     to  Pettis  &  Roome  on  account 

"     to  Barclay  &  Livingston,  on  bill  of  Mdse. 
of  $420.22 

"  to  Pettis  &  Roome  on  account 

"  for  Freight  on  Mackerel 

"  for  Drayage  "  

"  to  C.  C.  Marsh  on  account 

"  for  Drayage  on  Tobacco 

"  for        "         "  Whiskey 

"  to  Joseph  Johnson  on  account 

"  for  Printing  to  Narine  &  Co 

"  to  John  Stevens  for  loan  of  25th 

"  to  John  Sims 

ice  in  Bank  and  Drawer 


$ 


186  |85 

170  J94 

64  00 

3  60 


50 
50 

100 

15 

4 

25 

1 

1 

20 

15 

150 

25 

14,612 


00 
00 

00 
60 
00 
87 
00 
12 
00 
00 
00 
00 

00 

84 


15,495  82 


Paid  for  Stationery,  Arthur  &  Co.'s  bill 

"     for  Freight  on  Hams  from  Baltimore 

"  for  Drayage  on     "        "           « 

"    to  Hogan  &  Miller  in  full 

^'     to  Charles  Simmons  in  full 

"     to  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co 

"     for  Drayage,  W.  Baker's  bill 

"     to  John  Sims  on  account 

"     to  C.  C.  Marsh  on  account 

"     to  J.  Johnson 

"  to  Hogan  &  Miller,  half  bill  of  this  date . . . 

"     to  W.  Baker  for  Drayage 

"     to  Joseph  Johnson  on  account 

Forward 


$ 


27 
3 
1 
59 
6 
68 
3 
15 
40 
15 
99 
7 
10 


356 


00 

20 

75 

42 

13 

74 

12 

50 

00 

00 

00 

50 

00 

36 


97 


tii 


1853. 

June 
II 


1853. 

June 

July 


u 

M 
II 
IC 
il 
11 


HBqB 


Dr. 


24 
30 


Brought 

Received  for  W.  Lawrence's  Note,  No.  1,  now  due 

"         of  Wm.  S.  Christman  on  account 

«*        of  James  Richings  on  account 


Cash 


$15,559    03 
100    00 


40 
25 


00 
00 


"  Dollars 


15,724  I  03 


1853. 

July 


30 

2! 

t 

t 
16 

30 

K 

31 


Balance  in  Bank  and  Drawer 

Received  Henry  Small  balance  of  account 

of  P.  S.  Thompson  balance  of  acct 

for  Sales  of  Morris'  Peaches 

for  Retail  Sales  of  Merchandise 

for  Huntington's  Acceptance,  No.  16  ., 

of  I.  Farrington  on  account 

of  R.  Jessup  on  account 

of  Geo.  Law  10  »|o  prem.  on  cost  of  ! 
Brig   Marion,   bought    at    auction   for 
$5,000  and  transferred  to  him 


t( 


f( 


li 


It 


It 


II 


$14,573 
4 
39 
45 
32 
400 
26 
32 


500 


Dollars.         1 5,655 


31    '  Balance  in  Bank  and  Drawer 


95 
58 
97 
00 
50 
00 
80 
81 


00 


61 


$14,475    88 


1853. 

June 

(( 

II 

II 
a 
II 
(I 

il 


1853. 

July 


(( 


II 


II 

t( 
11 
II 
(( 
II 

IC 

II 
II 


Cr. 


17 

(( 

(( 

20 
II 

22 


(( 


(( 


II 


(( 


(( 


(( 


Brought 

Paid  to  John  Sims  on  account 

to  A.  Graham  on  account 

to  C.  Huntington  as  a  loan 

to  C.  C.  Marsh  on  account 

to  Joseph  Johnson  in  full 

for  our  Note,  No.  3,  discounted,  $200  00. . 
for  our  Note,  No.  6,  discounted,  $122  08.  . 

iji.Ui.:tiiCi.;  ill  jjaiiii  Liijll  UraWCT _.--. 


$ 


2 
12 
13 

II 

15 

16 

20 

21 
II 

II 

<( 

28 


Paid  our  Acceptance,  No.  10,  W.  A.  Moale's  draft 

Expenses  on  Geo.  Morris'  Peaches 

Neptune  Insurance  Co.  for  7  per  cent.,  and 

policy,  on  Invoice  per  Black  Warrior 

Drayage  and  Labor  on  Flour 

to  John  Sims,  on  his  Note,  No.  15,  at  6  mos. 

to  John  Sims  for  balance  of  account 

Drayage  and  Labor  on  Soap 

to  Hogan  &  Miller  for  balance  of  account. - 

to  Barclay  &>  Livingston  on  account 

to  Alfred  Graham  on  account 

to  C.  C.  Marsh  on  account 

to  Geo.  Morris  for  balance  of  account 

,aiice  in  Bank  and  Drawer 


(( 


(i 


n 


u 


(( 


(( 


i( 


(( 


(( 


tc 


II 


356  j  36 
10    00 


20 

400 

15 

31 

197 

120 


^     200 
9 

40 
15 

500 
32 
12 
99 

125 

50 

50 

46 

14,475 


15,655 


00 
00 
00 
i5 

00 
57 

95. 


15,724    03 


00 
50 

01 
00 
00 

84 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
38 
88 

61 


96 


09 


It 


i 


d 


I  '?  M 


SHIPMENT-BOOK. 


Wi 


1853. 

I   I  July  1 3   i  Havana. 
8  I     "    20      Charleston. 


i  '*  fk  »"ii.  iqi  ■! 


gnei  to 


.DOS. 


Pcnasco  y  Her* 
S.  Chadwick  &  Co. 


(■''•■■,-■• 


$555 

377 


01 
00 


Sales. 


$414 


70 


100 


OYOICE-BOOK. 


S.  &  M. 


1853. 


Note.— This  book  is  designed  to  save  the  Day-Book.  It  contains 
copies  of  all  bills  of  goods  purchased  by  us,  or  even  of  those  received 
into  our  possession.  It,  with  the  Sales-Book,  serves  for  a  merchandise 
account,  because  at  the  end  of  the  Invoice-Book  may  be  seen  the  cost 
of  all  the  merchandise  we  have  bought,  and  at  the  end  of  the  Sales-Book 
the  total  product  of  the  merchandise  sold.  When  the  settlements  indi- 
cated in  the  left-hand  margin  are  not  made  at  the  time  of  purchase, 
such  indications  are  omitted. 


101 


1 


■ 


I 


It 

If. 
■I 

r| 
ill 


:iiii 


;    { 


1 

1 

I 
It  i* 
I     ** 

It     J 


II 


'I 


New  York,  May  4,  1863. 


Bought  of  John  Stevens 

1  hhd.  N.  O.  Sugar,      1167  lbs. 

102  "   tare. 


1065  "   net  a  8  37....  $89  14 


^       4  bags  Java  Coffee,         464  lbs. 
^  14  "   tare. 


O 


450  "   net  a  15.. 


67  50 


3  bags  Laguayra  Coffee,  324  lbs. 

6  "   tare. 


318  "   net  a  9J 30  21       $    186    85 


E. 


Bought  of  Pettis  &  Roome 

14  bis.  superfine  Flour,  a  6       $84  00 

7  bis.  fine  Flour.  a  5  50 38  50 

10  qr.  casks  dry  Malaga  Wine,  270  gals,  a  53..   143  10 


6    — 


R3 

3 

Q 


Bought  of  Hone,  Coster,  &  Co. 

4  casks  Winter  Oil,  163^  gals,  a  70 $114  45 

2  bis.  Summer  Oil,     56    gals,  a  54 30  24 

10  boxes  Cheese,     375  lbs.       a     7 26  25 


E. 


Bought  of  Hogan  &  Miller 

40  bush.  Lisbon  Salt, 

12  sacks  fine  Salt, 

14  bush.  Marseilles  Salt, 


a  55. 
a  2  50, 
a       53, 


$22  00 
30  00 

7  42 


102 


265    60 


170    94 


I!    . 


59    42 


682  1  81 


New  York,  May   8,  1863. 


£• 


Bought  of  Hallet  <fe  Brown 

4  bis.  Lump  Butter,    672  lbs. 

80  "   tare. 


Brought 


$   682  '81 


592  "   net  a  11| $  69  56 


6  chests  Y.  H.  Tea,     654  lbs. 

114  "  tare. 

540  "   net  a  42 


...  226  80 


10 


o 

«.> 
O 

a 
O 


Bought  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co. 

4  hhds.  N.  O.  Molasses,    120 

140 
136 
117 


513  gals,  a  36 


16 


Bought  of  Barclay  &  Livingston 

o  o  I 

§  2   j  3  boxes  white  Havana  Sugar, 
^       I  1323  lbs. 

198  "   tare. 


^ 

CO 

• 

o 

s?: 

O     in 

♦J    o 

o  Ci 

"^^ 

^  <» 

c:  cd 

OO 

Ci. 


1125  "    net  a  12^...  $140  62 

5  bags  Pepper,  120"  a     8....         9  60  'j 

10  casks  Linseed  Oil,     240  gals,  a  1  12i..  -     270  00 


18 


Bought  of  Jonathan  Jones,  Boston, 
10  bis.  No.  1  Mackerel,     a  7  62^  , 


10  bis.  No.  3 
Shipping  expenses 


a 


3  87^ 


$76 

25 

38 

75 

1 

60 

II 


103 


296    36 


184 


68 


420    22 


116 


60 


1,700    67 


^=il 


J.    I 


I!  f| 


II 


1|: 


i 


if 


%$ 


New  York,  May  26,  1853. 


1? 


Bought  of  C.  Huntington 

5  ceroons  Cuba  Tobacco,   543  lbs. 


Brought 


60  days. 


40  "  tare. 
503  "   net  a  16, 


u 


Bought  of  John  Stevens 

11  bis.  Whiskey,      321  gal-j.  195 

3l|  32 

32|  33J 

33|  32 

32  33 


195 


358  gals,  a  31|. 


June  3. 


Bought  of  W.  A.  Moale.  Baltimore, 

Received  per  Schr.  Cherry,  Capt.  Ashton, 

150  Virginia  Hams,  2,700  lbs.  a  lOf $290  25 

Shipping  expenses 3  59 


o 

o 

c 
O 


Bought  of  Hone,  Coster,  &  Co. 

20  boxes  Muscatel  Raisins,  a  3  00 $60  00 


20      "      Prunes,     160  lbs.  a      12 19  20 

5  casks  Currants,  125    "     a      11 13  75 


<t 


E. 


Bought  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co. 

20  bis.  N.  Y.  superfine  Flour,  a  6  37^ $127  50 

20   "    Indian  Meal,  a  4  75 , 


95  00 


104 


$1,700  1  67 


80 


48 


112 


77 


293    75 


92 


222    50 


95 


2.503   •12 


CO 

a> 


O 

o 
O 


Q 

04 


New  York,  June   11,  1853. 

Brought 
Bought  of  Alfred  Graham 

45  firkins  New  York  Dairy  Butter, 

4,500  lbs. 
300  "   tare. 

4,200  "   net  a  13 

— 13 

Bought  of  Pettis  &  Roome 

10  boxes  white  Brazil  Sugar, 

4,460  lbs. 
594  "  tare. 

3,866   "   net  a  10|- 

((   ___. 

Bought  of  Hogan  &  Miller 

120  boxes  N.  Y.  Yellow  Soap,  3,600  lbs.  a  5 J 

— 17 

Bought  of  Barclay  &  Livingston 

4  half-pipes  Bordeaux  Brandy,  250  gals,  a  1  30 

(( 

Bought  of  Hallet  &  Brown 

2  half-pipes  Sherry  Wine,  126  gals,  a  63 $79  38 

1  pipe  Port  Wine,  120     "      a  75 90  00 


$2,503    12 


1 1 


105 


546    00 


396    26 


198!  00 


325 '  00 


169    38 


4,137    76 


Itr 


^ 


i 


-fi! 


11 
"I 


f 


ll 


'I 
1 1 

I"  If 
Lit 


f  1 
1. 


:fc 


New  York,  July   10,  1853. 


E. 


Bought  of  Barclay  <fe  Livingston 


Brought 
'    50  bis.  New  York  superfine  Flour,  a  6  50 

12 : 


Received,  to  be  sold  on  commission,  from  George  Mor- 
ris, Newark, 

25  bis.  dried  pared  Peaches 


29 


I    Bought  of  Parker,  Howard,  &  Co. 

E.      10  tierces  Rice,  35  cwt.  a  3  75 

20  bis.  Howard-street  Flour,      a  6  50 


$131  25 
130  00 


Total  cost  of  Merchandise $4,724  01 

Balance  of  Merchandise  in  store — Inventory      500  00 


Cost  of  Merchandise  sold 

Amount  of  Sales,  from  the  Sales-Book . . . 


.   4,224  01 
.   4,962  66 


Amount  of  Gain  on  Merchandise  sold 738  55 


106 


I ^ 

$4,1 37 j  76 

325 1  00 


261    25 


4,724    01 


i: 


SALES-BOOK. 


S.  &  M. 


1853. 


Note. — This  book  is  designed  to  save  or  relieve  the  Day-Book :  all 
the  descriptions  of  goods  sold  by  us  appear  first  in  this  book.  As  the 
purchaser  orders  or  selects  his  goods,  the  articles  are  enumerated — quan- 
tity, quality,  and  price  —  in  this  book;  and  from  this  entry  the  bill  is 
made  out  for  the  purchaser.  When  the  sales  in  this  book  are  not  paid 
for  or  settled,  they  pass  from  it  into  the  Day-Book,  and  are  marked  in 
the  margin —  E.  (entered). 

As  the  amounts  are  carried  forward  from  page  to  page,  at  the  end  of 
the  book  will  be  found  the  total  sales  of  our  merchandise. 


107 


if 


!l 


1? 
£1. 


E. 


E. 


E. 


E. 


New  York,   May    18,   1853. 


Sold  to  Charles  Simmons 

1  cask  Linseed  Oil,  24  gals,  a  1  37j $33  00 

1  bl.  Mackerel,  a            4  50 

1  bl.  Flour,  a            6  25 

1  bag  Java  Coffee,  122  lbs.  a      16   19  52 


19 


Sold  to  William  Lawrence 

1  hhd.  N.  O.  Sugar,      1,065  lbs.  a  8| 

1  bag  Java  Coffee,           121  lbs.  a  16 

1  bag  Laguayra  Coffee,   112  lbs.  a  10 

4  bis.  Flour,  a  5  25   , 


Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown 


22 


5  busb.  Lisbon  Salt, 
5  boxes  Cheese, 
1  bl.  Summer  Oil, 
1  bl.  Lump  Butter, 


a  58  $  2  90 

173  lbs.  a     9i 16  01 

28igals.a60' 16  95 

162  lbs.  a  13  21  06 

1  hhd.  N.  O.  Molasses,  120  gals,  a  40   48  00 

2  bis.  Lump  Butter,       327  lbs.     a  15   49  05 


23 


Sold  to  Charles  Simmons 


1  sack  fine  Salt,  a       $3  00 

5  gals,  dry  Malaga  Wine,  a  60 3  00 


i< 


Sold  to  P.  S.  Thompson 

2  bis.  supr.  Flour,  a  6  50 $13  00 

1  cask  Winter  Oil,  40  gals,  a      79 31  60 


(t 


Sold  to  Henry  Small  , 

E.       1  bag  Java  Coffee,  116  lbs.  a  17 $19  72 

1  bl.  supr.  Flour,                    a         6  00 

6  00 


10  gals,  dry  Malaga  Wine,    a  60 


108 


$    63 

$90  52 

19  36 

11  20 

21  00 

' 

142    08 


153    97 


6    00 


44    60 


31    72 
441'   64 


:!■  If 


SL. 


Ci* 


E. 


E. 


New  York,   May   23,   1853. 


Sold  to  W.  S.  Christman 

J,       1  bl.  Lump  Butter,         168  lbs.  a     13 $21  84 

1  hhd.  N.  O.  Molasses,  140  gals,  a     38 53  20 1 

4  bis.  superfine  Flour,  a  6  00 24  00 


25 


Sold  to  I.  Farrington 

6  sacks  fine  Salt,  a  3  00 


u 


Sold  to  P.  S.  Thompson 

1  qr.  cask  dry  Malaga  Wine,  27  gals,  a  60 


(( 


Sold  to  Henry  Small 

2  bags  Laguayra  Coffee,  212  lbs.    a  12 $25  44 

1  bl.  Summer  Oil,  28}  gals,  a  60 16  95 


(( 


Sold  to  James  Richings 

1  bag  Java  Coffee,  101  lbs.  a       16, 

2  bis.  superfine  Flour,  a  6  50 
1  qr.  cask  Malaga  Wine,  27  gals,  a  75 , 
4  bush.  Marseilles  Salt,  a  65 . 
1     «      Salt 


.  $16 

-  13 

-  20 

2 


a 


16 
00 
25 
60 
46 


27 


Sold  to  Joseph  Johnson 

1  bl.  Lump  Butter,      165  lbs.     a 
1  bl.  No.  3  Mackerel,  a 

1  bl.  Whiskey,  32  J  gals,  a 

2  bis.  Flour, 


13 $21  45 

4  50 

36 11  701 

a  6  00 12  00 


29 


Sold  to  I.  Farrington 
2  bis.  Whiskey,  31^ 


32.1 


64  gals,  a      36 $23 

3  bis.  No.  1  Mackerel,      a  S  \2l 24 


041 
37i 


.   M 


109 


$  441 


99 


18 


64 


04 


00 


16  20 


42,  39 


. 


52  47 


49(  65 


'^ 


n  41 


766  80 


a 


t  '1 


I'. 


E. 


E. 


E. 


£. 


E. 


E. 


New  York,   May   29,   1853. 

Brought  * 
Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown  ^ 

2  chests  Young  Hyson,    112  lbs. 

113   " 

225  lbs. 

38   "   tare. 

187   "   net  a  50 

31     

Sold  to  James  Richings 

1  box  Havana  Sugar,        441  lbs. 

66    "    tare. 

375  lbs.  net  a  13| 

(* : ^.. 

Sold  to  W.  S.  Christman 

1  bag  Pepper,  24  lbs.  a  10 

______ " 

Sold  to  I.  Farrhigton 

7  bis.  superfine  Flour,  a  6  25 

_^__________,___________________.   t(  ^- 

Sold  to  William  Lawrence 

1  qr.  cask  Malaga  Wine,  27  gals,  a  60 $16  20 

I  cask  Winter  Oil,  40    "      a  80 32  00 

June  3. 

Sold  to  William  Lawrence 

10  Virginia  Hams,  180  lbs.  a  12 

__. tt        _____________________ 

Sold  to  James  Richings 

3  bis.  Whiskey,         98J  gals,  a  36 $35  46 

10  Virginia  Hams,  186    lbs.     a  12 22  32 


110 


$   766    80 


93    50 


50    62 


2    40 


43 

75 

1 

48 

20 

21    60 


57    78 


1,084  '65 


New  York,  June   3,   1853. 


Sold  to  I.  Farrington 


Brought 


$1,084    65 


E. 


E. 


Ei* 


US 
Hi. 


E. 


■CI* 


Et. 


1  hhd.  N.  O.  Molasses,  140  gals,  a  38 $53  20 

1  chest  Young  Hyson,  109  lbs.    a  50 54  50 

1  bag  Pepper,                   24    "      a  10 2  40 

6  Virginia  Hams,             80   "      at  12^ 10  00 


(t 


Sold  to  R.  Jessup 

4  casks  Linseed  Oil,  96  gals,  a  1  15 

6 


Sold  to  R.  Jessup 


3  bis.  Whiskey,         98J  gals,  a     35 $34  47 

5  boxes  Muscatel  Raisins,         a  3  25 16  25 

1  cask  Currants,         32  lbs.     a     121 4  00 


Sold  to  P.  S.  Thompson 


1  bl.  Lump  Butter, 

1  hhd.  Molasses, 

2  bis.  Whiskey, 
1  bag  Pepper, 
1  bl.  No.  1  Mackerel, 


160  lbs.    a  12^ $20  00 

117  gals,  a  37^ 43  87 

65     "     a  36 23  40 

24  lbs.    a     9 2  16 

a         8  25 


(I 


Sold  to  H.  Small 

10  Virginia  Hams,  181  lbs.  a      13 $23  53 

5  boxes  Muscatel  Raisins      a  3  25^ 16  27 


Sold  to  J.  Johnson 


ct 


1  bl.  No.  3  Mackerel, 
1  "   N.  Y.  Flour, 
1  "   Indian  Meal, 


Sold  to  John  Stevens 


a   $4  25 

a  6  75 

a  4  75 


5  Virginia  Hams,  84  lbs.       a     14 $11  76 

2  boxes  Muscatel  Raisins,     a  3  50 7  00 

2      "      Prunes,  a  1  50 3  00 


111 


120    10 


110    40 


54    72 


97 


68 


39  .80 


15 


75 


21  ,  76 


1,544     80 


.»» 


t.      VI 


•^fV 


m 


!!' 


4||,Jr' 


New  York,  June    11,   1853. 


Sold  to  Alfred  Graham 


Brought 


E 


1  cask  Winter  Oil,      40  gals,  a     75 $30  00 

1  bl  Summer  Oil,        28    "      a     65 18  20 

20  bush.  Lisbon  Salt,                 a     60 12  00 

5  sacks  fine  Salt,                         a  3  00 15  00 


12 


Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown 


E. 


1  cask  Currants,         25  lbs.  a  13 $  3  25 

5  Virginia  Hams,       80   "      a  13 10  40 

1  bl.  No.  1  Mackerel,  a       8  50 


1* 


K. 


Sold  to  P.  S.  Thompson 

2  chests  Young  Hyson  Tea,  218  lbs.  a  50 


£• 


Sold  to  H.  Small 


It 


4  bis.  N.  Y.  superfine  Flour,  a  6  62^ $26  50 

6    "    Indian  Meal,  ii  4  50 27  00 


t( 


1? 


Sold  to  J.  Johnson 

1  bl.  Linseed  Oil,      24  gals,  a  1  25 $30  00 

1  bl.  No.  3  Mackerel,  a  4  25 


ff 


£• 


Sold  to  William  Lawrence 

6  bis.  N.  Y.  supr.  Flour,   a  6  62J $39  75 

2  Virginia  Hams,  43  lbs.  a      10  4  30 


14 


Sold  to  Alfred  Graham 


2  bis.  No.  1  Mackerel,  a  8  00 $16  00 

1  chest  Young  Hyson,  109  lbs.   a      50 54  50 


ti 


£. 


Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown 

4  bis.  N.  Y.  supr.  Flour,  a  6  62| 


112 


$1,544 


75 


86 


20 


22 


109 


]5 


00 


53    50 


34 


25 


44    05 


70 


50 


26 '50 


1,980    01 


New  York,  June   14,  1853. 


£. 


E. 


Sold  to  I.  Farrington  ^ 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  440  lbs.  a      12 $52  80  ; 

4  boxes  Muscatel  Raisins,  a  3  50 14  00  | 


(t 


Sold  to  James  Richings 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  430  lbs.  a  11 J 


<( 


TJI 


E. 


Sold  to  Richijrd  Jessup 

15  Virginia  Hams,  252  lbs.  a  13, 


(( 


^MM 


JBi* 


Sold  to  William  S.  Christman 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  406  lbs.  a     11^.. .  $46  69 

12  boxes  N.  Y.  Yellow  Soap,            a  1  95 23  40 

1  cask  Currants,    25  lbs.                 a     12 3  00 

5  boxes  Prunes,       40   «                  a     15 6  00 


$1,980 

01 

66 

80 

49 

"k 

45 

32 

76 

i! 


19 


Sold  to  William  S.^Christman 

4  bis.  Indian  Meal, 

1  ceroon  Cuba  Tobacco,  100  lbs. 


a  4  50.. 
a      18J. 


$18  00  -    ^ 
18  50   , 


J!i« 


ii 


Sold  to  James  Richings 

20  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  40 $28  00 

20     "     Port  Wine,  a     80 16  00 


It 


£. 


Sold  to  R.  Jessup 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  380  lbs.  all 


(( 


Sold  to  William  Lawrence 

1  ceroon  Tobacco,     102  lbs.  a     17J $17  85 

30  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,      a  1  40 42  00 


79    09 


36 


50 


44    00 


41 


80 


59    85 


113 


Ii    2,390    26 


8 


t1 


tt'l 


f'i 
*i 

•1 


f1 
I-  <  ' 


i  I 


11 1    i 


iijii 


IS 
It 


0i 


I  I' 

I  f 
Ml 

f 


^l 


"I 

I, 


E. 


fjt 


JCi. 


E. 


E. 


E. 


^Ri 

A 


E. 


New  York,  June   21,  1863. 


Sold  to  Alfred  Graham  ^^^^ 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  380  lbs.  a  11 J $43  70  ' 

8  boxes  Yellow  Soap,         240   "    a    6| 15  60 


(I 


Sold  to  P.  S.  Thompson 

1  ceroon  Cuba  Tobacco,  97  lbs.  a  17| 

20  gals.  Sherry  Wine,  a  70 


$16  97 
14  00 


ti 


Sold  to  H.  Small 

1  box  Brazil  Sugar,  334  lbs.  a     12 $40  08 

20  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,      a  1  40 ,28  00 

13     "     Sherry  Wine,  a  1  00 13  00 


(1 


Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown 

15  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  40 


15 
15 


u 


u 


Sherry  Wine, 
Port  Wine, 


Sold  to  C.  C.  Marsh 

2  gals.  Brandy, 

2    "     Sherry  Wine, 

2     "     Port  Wine, 

4  Virginia  Hams,  60  lbs. 

1  bl.  Flour, 


a 
a 

22 


70  . 

80  . 


$21 
10 
12 


00 
50 

00 


a  1  30 

63 

75.... 


a 
a 
a 
a 

25 


lOf, 


.  $2 
.  1 
.  1 
.  6 
.     6 


60 

26  ll 
50  !! 
45 
37 


Sold  to  William  S.  Christman 

25  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  40 

"     Sherry  Wine,  a 


25 


70 


$35 
17 


00 
50 


t( 


Sold  to  R.  Jessup 

30  gals.  Port  Wine,    a  80 


K 


Sold  to  Alfred  Graham 

60  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  40 $84  00 

30     "     Sherry  Wine,  a     70 2100 

30     "     Port  Wine,  a     80 24  00 


Sold  to  John  Stevens 
10  gals.  Port  Wine, 
5       "     B.  Brandy, 
10    "     Sherry  Wine, 


u 


a  80 
a  1  40 
a     80 


$  8  00 

7  00 

8  00 


114 


$2,390 


59 


26 


30 


30    97 


81     08 


43    50 


18    18 


52 


24 


50 


00 


129    00 


23 


2,851 


00 


79 


£. 


E. 


O 


GO 


£. 


1? 


New  York,  June   26,   1853. 


1 1  $2,851    79 


Sold  to  W.  A.  Moale,  Baltimore,  Brought 

Forwarded  per  Schr.  Fair  Star,  Capt.  Little — 

45  firkins  N.  Y.  Prime  Butter,  4500  lbs. 

300  "  tare. 


4200  "  net  a  14,  $588  00  n 
Shipping  expenses 5  62  ,         593  j  62 


July  12. 


Shipped,  per  Str.  Black  Warrior,  consigned  to  Peiiasco  \ 
y  Hermanos,  Havana,  to  be  sold  for  our  account : 

50  bis.  N.  Y.  supr.  Wheat  Flour,  a  10  00 ' 

Shipping  expenses $15  00  ij 

Insurance  on   $553.76  a  7  per  cent.,  having  \\ 

covered  the  premium,  policy  $1.25 40  01 


55  01 


16 


Sold  for  George  Morris 

5  bis.  dried  Peaches,  a  4  50 . 


>••■•• $««  uU 


<t 


o 


Sold  for  George  Morris 

5  bis.  dried  Peaches,  a  4  50 $22  50 

17 


Sold  to  James  Richings,  for  Geo.  Morris 

2  bis.  dried  Peacljes,  a  5  62| $11  25 


Sold  to  Wm.  Lawrence,  for  Geo.  Morris 

2  bis.  dried  Peaches,  a  5  62^ $11  25 

Sold  to  William  Lawrence 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  380  lbs.  a  12 1 


a 


E. 


Sold  to  R.  Jessup,  for  Geo.  Morris 

2  bis.  dried  Peaches,  a  5  62j $11  25 

Sold  to  R.  Jessup 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  375  lbs.  a      12 $45  00 

20  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  40 28  00 


1  lo 


500    00 


45    60 


73    00 


4,064  I  01 


I  '' 


fP 


.  Ij 


m 


I   i 

1 


•I 


i 


!1 

i 
(fill 


ft 


I'll 


£. 


E. 


E. 


E. 


£. 


A. 


New  York,  July    19,   1863. 


Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown,  for  Geo.  Morris 
2  bis.  dried  Peaches,  a  5  62 J 

I  Sold  to  W.  B.  Brown 
20  gals.  Port  Wine,  a  80 


Brought 


$4,064    01 


$11  25 


t( 


Sold  to  H.  Small 

20  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  90  . . . 

1  ceroon  Tobacco,  101  lbs.  a     17J  . . 

Sold  to  H.  Small,  for  Geo.  Morris 

2  bis.  dried  Peaches,  a  5  00 


$38  00 
17  67 


..  $10  00 


u 


Sold  to  P.  S.  Thompson 

1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  380  lbs.  a     12 $45  60 

20  gals.  Bordeaux  Brandy,  a  1  40 28  00 


20 


Shipped,  per  Stmr.  Marion,  Berry,  consigned  to  S.  Chad- 
wick  &  Co.,  Charleston,  to  be  sold  for  our  account : 

100  boxes  Yellow  Soap,  2,920  lbs.  a  12 J 

Shipping  expenses $12  00 


21 


Sold  to  C.  C.  Marsh 

5  bis.  Morris's  dried  Peaches,  a  5  00 • .  .$25  00 

— 28 


Sold  to  George  Morris 


1  box  white  Brazil  Sugar,  375  lbs.  a  12| $46  87 

20  gals.  Port  Wine,  a  75 15  00 


Amount  of  Retail  Cash  Sales  from  the  Cash-Book. 


!    Total  Sales  of  our  Merchandise 


116 


I  n 


00 


55    67 


73 


60 


365    00 


61    87 


4,636!   15 
326    41 


4,962    56 


BILL-BOOK. 


S.  &  M. 


1853. 


Note.— In  this  book  first  are  entered  all  promissory  notes,  drafts,  &c., 
having  time  to  run  before  they  become  due  or  payable,  in  our  favor  or 
against  us,  authorized  by  our  signature.  The  pupil  will  write  the  notes 
as  they  arise  in  each  transaction,  calculate  the  day  on  which  each  be- 
comes due,  adding  three  days  for  what  is  termed  grace,  and  enter  from 
the  note  into  this  book  the  various  items  which  the  headings  of  the 
different  columns  call  for  — those  in  our  favor,  under  the  head  of  Bills 
Receivable,  and  those  against  us  under  the  head  of  Bills  Payable. 
Nothing  is  written  in  the  column  headed  "Remarks"  until  a  note  is 
paid  or  disposed  of.  This  book  furnishes  us  with  all  information  rela- 
tive to  the  notes  we  hold  against  others,  without  taking  them  from  a 
place  of  security,  and  also  affords  us  such  particulars  in  relation  to  the 
notes  we  may  have  issued  against  us  as  we  may  from  time  to  time 
require  to  know.  ^ 


117 


It 


fi 


Ih 


BILLS 


RT?r»T?T"\r   A  TJTT? 
JliKj  Jij  I.  V  iL151jll(. 


1 

New  Yor 

2 

(( 

3 

(i 

4 

(( 

5 

(t 

6 

i( 

7 

fi 

8 

t( 

9 

(t 

10 

4( 

11 

*< 

12 

(( 

13 

(( 

14 

*( 

15 

(( 

16 

Baltimore 

May  22, 1853    William  Lawrence 


118 


(I 


u 


"     30, 

"     30,    *' 

June    5,    " 

15, 

15, 

16, 

16, 
"  30, 
"  30, 
July  2, 
2, 
"  6, 
"  15,  " 
"     18,    " 


t( 


*t 


t( 


4( 


(( 


(i 


u 


W.  B.  Brown 

P.S.Thompson.... 

1.  Farrington 

James  Richings .... 

P.  S.  Thompson 

Henry  Small 

R.  Jessup 

I.  Farrington 

James  Richings .... 
W.  S.  Christman... 

Henry  Small 

P.  S.  Thompson 

Charles  Lawrence . . 

John  Sims ■ 

W.  A.  Moale C.  Huntington  . . 


Smith  &  Marsh. 


M 
M 
M 
CC 
fC 
M 

U 

M 
*( 
U 
M 


U 
M 
CI 
M 
U 
ft 
IC 
l( 
It 
M 
U 
tl 
II 
CI 


119 


30  days. 
3  months. 

2  months. 

3  months. 

3  months. 
60  days. 
60  days. 

4  months. 
3  months. 
90  days. 
3  months. 
60  days. 
60  days. 
3  months. 
6  months. 
3  ds.' sight 


Oct.     9, 
Jan.     8,1854 
July  24,1853 


400 


EIDIAIllv: 


Paid  at  maturity. 
Disc.  June  21, '53 
Pas'd  June  9,  '53 
Pas'd  June  9,  '53 
Pas'd  June  23,  '53 


Disc.  June  21, '53 
Pas'd  June  23, '53 


00  I  j  Paid  at  maturity. 


i  M 


!  U 


I  > 


f  if. 


1!' 


It  , 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
H 
10 

11 

13 


B 


J^ew  York . .    May  1 0, 1 853     Smith  &  Marsh . . . . 


(( 
t( 
•I 

14 
t« 
It 


U 


(( 


t( 


tl 


Baltimore  . 
New  York. 


ti 


8. 

16, 

"     17,  " 

"     26,  " 

June    1,  " 

"       4,  " 

"     13,  « 

"     19,  «    I   W.  A.  Moale, 

.|  July  29,  «    :   Smith  &  Marsh.... 

"     30,  "        Alfred  Graham  .  .i». 


II 

CI 

•c 
II 
It 

M 
II 
11 


It 
tt 
tl 
tt 
M 

tc 

t« 

41 


Smith  <&  Marsh 


Smith  &  Marsh  . . 


PAYABLE. 


WilOSE   FjWOR. 
I     * " 

Parker,  Howard,«&  Go. 

Hallet  &  Brown 

Barclay  &  Livingston 

Pettis  &  Roome 

John  Stevens 

Barclay  &  Livingston 
Hone,  Coster,  &  Co. 

C.  Huntington 

Pettis  &  Roome 

C.  Huntington ; 

Parker,  Howard,  &  Co.j 
R.  M'Murray 


90  days. 
6  months. 
4  months. 
60  days. 
3  months. 
3  months. 

3  months. 
60  days. 

4  months. 
10  ds.  si't.' 
3  months. 
60  days. 


Aug.  11,1853 
Nov.  11,    " 
Sept.  19,    " 
July  19, 
Aug.  29, 
Sept.  4, 
"      7, 
Aug.   9, 
Oct.  16,    " 
July    2, 
Nov.    1, 
Oct.     1,    " 


(( 


» 


li 


a 


(( 


(( 


A3l()UNT. 


$184 

! 

296 
200 1 
200 ' 

112 

! 

122 1 

92; 

80 1 
1981 
200 ! 
130 
142  i 


». 


68 

36 
00 
00 
77 
08 
95 
48 
13 
00 
00 
00 


REMARKS. 


[1853. 
Disct.  June  22, 


[1853. 
Disct.  June  22, 


!  n 


Paid  at  matu'ty. 


120 


121 


]     1 


i  0 


n  ; 


122 


1863. 

May 
June 

M 

My 

juiy 


!"! 


29 

30 

6 

25 

4 


MERCANTILE  FORMS, 


De. 


John  Stevens  in  Aoootjnt 


11      For  Cash. 


$   50 


00 


our  Note  at  3  months ■  J  1 12  i  77 

Cash !!  150  :  00 

Merchandise,  per  Bill  rendered ||  21  |  76 

"     Merchandise,  per  Bill  rendered .  23  .  00 

J.  Jones's  Draft  at  sight  on  you 1 1  200    00 

Balance i  ->-» 


« 


<( 


New  York,  July  31,  1853. 


Smith  &  Marsh, 

Per  John  Sims. 


Note. — ^The  Accounts-Current  are  drawn  from  the  ac- 
counts of  the  persons  in  the  Leger,  with  reference  to  the 
Day-Book  for  particulars.  An  Account-Current  is  intended 
to  supply  the  person  with  whom  you  have  business,  with  a 
eopy  from  your  books  as  far  as  relates  to  him,  so  that  he 
may  know  what  is  the  result  of  the  business  that  has  been 
transacted  between  you  and  him,  according  to  your  booka 
These  accounts  are  usually  exchanged  twice  a  year,  and 
dso  whenever  circumstances  require.  Interest  is  allowed 
or  not  allowed,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  business  and 
understanding  between  the  partiea  When  interest  is  cal- 
culated, it  must  be  from  the  dates  on  which  the  sums  arc 
due,  down  to  the  time  the  account  is  made  out  One  or 
two  pages  of  a  sheet  of  letter-paper  are  suitable  for  the 
rulintf  of  tho  aceoimt* 


612 


^■t 


lyiy 


MERCANTILE   FORMS. 


Current  with   Smith  &  Marsh. 


123 


Cb. 


1853. 

May 
(( 

June 


1853. 


25  For  Cash 

26  "  Merchandise  at  3  mos.,  per  Bill  received, 
17        "  Cash 


July       31 


$200'  00 
112{  77 
300 '  00 


Dollars 


612    77 


For  Balance  brought  down 


$   55 


Note. — There  are  three  different  ways  of  making  out 
Accounts-Current,  viz. : — 

Ist  Without  interest 
2d.   With  interest. 

3d.   By  averaging,  in  order  to  show  when  the  balance  of 
the  account  is  due.< 

The  above  is  of  the  first  kind.    It  is  merely  an  explana- 
tion of  Mr.  Stevens'  account  as  it  stands  in  our  Leger.    The  ; 
particulars  are  obtained  by  reference  to  the  Day-Book. 


24 


III 


w 


i    » 
1    t 


I 


^ 


liifl 


if 


P' 


1 


I 


124 


Dk. 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 
Calvin  Huntington  in  Account 


1853. 


July 


1853. 


July    31     For  Balance  due  this  date 


Note. — Tlio  above  is  an  Account-Current  with 
interest  calculated  on  each  sum  from  the  time  it 
was  due  up  to  the  time  the  account  is  supposed 
to  be  made  out — July  31.  The  first  sum  on  this 
account,  not  being  due  until  after  July  J51,  gives 
an  interest  vrhich  belongs  on  the  credit  side  of 
the  account;  it  is  therefore  put  in  red  to  distin- 
guish it :  this  interest  (12  cts.)  must  not  be  added 
in  the  Dr.  column,  but  brought  over  among  the 
interests  on  the  Cr.  side  of  the  account.  Care 
must  be  taken  not  to  charge  interest  on  sums 
that  are  not  due  at  the  time  the  account  is  made. 
When  such  an  account  is  rendered  to  the  party 
for  whom  it  is  made  out,  the  balance  of  interest 
should  be  carried  to  the  Day-Boole,  and  thence 
post*^d  on  to  his  account  in  the  Leger,  to  make 
the  two  accounts  agree. 


1\T  Si'F.  \   '!'M    \i'>. 


June      7  i  For  our  Note  at  60  days,  due  Aug.  9 

17      "    Cash,  loan 

27      "    Merchandise  —  Invoice   to   Charles- 
ton  $37700  ! 

10  per  cent,  advance 37  70      4 

31      "    Balance  of  Interest,  at  6  °  |  o 


9 
44  i   $2 


ii 


1-     $  80  Us 
93      400    00 


28''    414 

'!      1 

21  11 


70 
2f6 


896    44 


$499  '  36 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 


CUEKENT    WITH     SmITH    &    MaESU. 


125 


Ce. 


DAT  lis. 


1853. 

May 
June 
July 


(( 


July 


26  For  Merchandise  at  60  days,  per  Bill  rec'd 
"  J.  Jones's  Draft  at  sight,  your  favor. . 
"    Balance  of  Interest  in  red  from  Dr.. . 

"    Balance  of  Interest 

Balance  due  this  dale 


27 

31 
(I 


New  YoftK,  July  31,  1853. 


Smith  &  Maesh, 
Per  John  Sims. 


DC 

Q 


3 
34 


l.\T.ST. 


w 


AMOl.N'I.S 


$  80  48 
79  316  60 
12 

^^i     i 

499  ;  36 


21 


896    44 


126 


De. 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 

John  Stevens  in  Acoofnt 


1853. 

May 


(t 


June 


(( 


July 


11 

29 

30 

6 

25 
4 


For  Cash 

"     our  Note,  due  Aug.  29,  '53 

"     Cash , 

.  "  Merchandise,  per  Bill  rendered, 

"  Merchandise,  per  Bil}  rendered. 

"     J.  Jones's  Draft  at  sight 


50 

00 

112 

77 

150 

00 

21 

76 

21 

76 

23 

00 

200 

00 

612    77 


New  York,  July  31,  1853. 


Smith  &  Maesh, 
Per  John  Sims. 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 

CUEEENT    WITH     SmITH    &    MaESH. 


127 


Cb. 


1S63. 

July 


1853. 

May 

25 

(( 

26 

June 

17 

For  Cash 

"  Merchandise  at  3  mos.,  due  Aug.  29,  '53 

"  Cash 


Dollars 


31       For  Balance  due  April  13,  '53 


Note. — ^The  above  Account-Current  is  the  form  of  an  av- 
eraged account.  It  shows  that  the  balance  falls  due  April 
18,  at  which  time  no  interest  arises  on  it;  but  as  long  as 
the  balance  remains  unpaid  after  that  date  it  accumulates 
interest:  thus,  there  is  now  (July  31)  110  days'  interest  due 
on  the  balance  of  |55.24. 

This  plan  of  making  Accounts-Current  has  an  advantage 
over  the  former ;  it  is  fairer,  because  by  averaging  we  find 
when  the  balance  becomes  due,  which,  being  known,  one 
need  not  pay  it  before ;  whereas  by  the  other  plan  a  bal- 
ance is  made  due  at  a  certain  time  by  charging  or  allowing 
interest  * 

The  calculation  of  averaging  the  above  account  is  among 
the  examples  in  "Equation  of  Payments"  in  this  book. 


200  00 
112  77 
300  00 


612 


77 


55  24 


m 


128 


MERCANTILE  FOKMS. 


;  I 


i 


h 


ft;  a 


III" 

1*1 


AN    ACCOUNT-SALES. 


AccouHT- Sales  of  25   barrels   dried   Peaches,  sold  by  order  and  for 
•  account  of  George  Morris,  Newark, 


185  3  • 

July 


(t 


(( 


u 


(( 


16 
17 

19 

(( 

21 


By  Smith  &  Marsh.  New  York. 


10  barrels,  a  4  50  . 
6       "        a  5  62J 
2       "        a  5  62J 
2       "       a  5  00  . 
rt  5  00  . 


5 


(I 


Charges. 


Net  proceeds 


New  York,  July  23,  1853. 

Smith  &  Maesh, 
Per  John  Sims. 


$   45 

00 

33 

75 

11 

25 

10 

00 

25 

00 

125    00 


•    Freight  and  Drayage $9  50 

Storage 1  oo 

Commission 6  25  16 


108 


75 


25 


MERCANTILE 


FORMS    AND    CALCULATIONS. 


BILL    OF  A    PURCHASE. 

[From  Sales-Book  — May  18.] 

New  York,  May  18,  1853. 
Mr.  Charles  Simmons 

Bought  of  Smith  &  Marsh. 

1  cask  Linseed  Oil,     24  gals.  a  I  37^ $33  00 

1  bl.  Mackerel,  a            4  50 

1    "    Flour,  a            6  25 

1  bag  Java  Coffee,  net  122  lbs.  a     16    19  52 

63  27 


BILL    OF    CHARGES. 


Mr.  James  Richings 


[From  Leger  —  folio  4-1 
New  York,  1853. 


To  Smith  &  Marsh. 


May  25.  For  Merchandise,  per  bill  rendered $52*  47 

"     31.  For  "  «  «  50  26 


103  09' 


Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh 


BILL    AND    RECEIPT. 

[From  Transaction  4  —  May  6.] 

New  York,  May  6^  1853, 


Bought  of  Hone,  Coster,  &  Cot 


4  casks  Winter  Oil,    163^  gals,  a  70 $114  45 

2  bis.  Summer  Oil,        56^    "      a  54 30  51 

10  boxes  Cheese,         433    lbs.     a     6 25  98 


Received  Payment,  for  Hone,  C,  &  Co.        - 

W.  J0NE». 


170  94 


•*  f 


i  [n 

Iff 


t     ! 


!1 


1] 


i  ftf 


f  ,» 


130 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 


ORDERS. 

New  York,  May  1,  1853. 

Mr.  John  Stevens  will  please  deliver  to  Joseph  Johnson,  two  barrels 

Mackerel,  and  charge  the  same  to 

Smith  «fe  Marsh. 


li  >  ' 


•1 

1^1 


4 


<■* 


New  York,  May  1,  1853. 
Mr.  John  Stevens  will  please  deliver  to  Joseph  Johnson  goods  to 
ihe  amount  of  twenty  dollars  ($20),  and  charge  the  same  to  • 

Smith  &  Marsh. 


A  PROMISSORY    NOTE. 

[From  Transaction  21  —  May  22.] 

$100  00  New  York,  May  22,  1853. 

Thirty  days  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  Smith 
&  Marsh,  one  hundred  dollars  ;  value  received. 


Wm.  Lawrence. 


Dae  June  24,  *53. 


$122    08 


NOTES    WITH    INTEREST. 

[From  Transaction  38  —  Jane  1.] 
New  York,  June  1,  1853. 


Four  months  after  date,  we  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of 
Barclay  &  Livingston,  one  hundred  and  twenty -two  ®|ioo  dollars;  value 
received. 


Smith  &  Marsh. 


Dae  Oct.  4,  '53. 


[From  Transaction  81  —July  15.] 

$515  25  New  York,  July  15,  1853. 

Six  months  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Marsh,  five  hundred  dollars,  with  interest  at  six  per  cent,  per 
annum  ;  value  received. 


John-  Sims. 


Dae  January  18,  '54. 


MERCANTII^E  FORMS. 


131 


RECEIPT   FOR  A  NOTE. 

[From  Transaction  81  —  July  15.] 

$515  25  New  York,  July  15,  1853. 

Received  of  John  Sims  his  note  at  six  months  for  five  hundred 
and  fifteen  dollars  twenty-five  cents,  dated  this  date. 

Smith  &  Marsh. 

A  DRAFT. 

[From  Transaction  60  — Jane  19] 

$200  00  Baltimore,  June  17,  1853. 

Ten  days  after  sight,  pay  to  the  order  of  Calvin  Huntington 

two  hundred  dollars,  value  received,  and  charge  the  account  of 

Your  obedient  servant, 

To  Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh,  Wm.  A.  Moale. 

Merchants,  New  York. 

Due  July  2,  '53. 

Note. — ^Tlie  student  will  find  this  draft,  as  it  appears  after  being  accepted  by  the 
party  on  whom  it  is  drawn,  on  page  94 — introduced  there  in  order  to  show  the  ao 
ceptation  across  its  face. 

DRAFT    AT    SIGHT. 

[From  Transaction  71 — June  27.] 

$316.«o|ioo  Boston,  June  26,  1853. 

At  sight  pay  to  the  order  of  Calvin  Huntington,  three  hun- 
dred and  sixteen  ®°lioo  dollars,  for  value  received,  and  charge  the 
account  of 

Your  obedient  servant. 

To  Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh,  Jona.  Jones. 

Merchants,  New  York. 


RECEIPTS. 

[From  Transaction  82  — July  16.] 

$33  84  New  York,  July  16,  1853. 

Received  of  Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh,  thirty-three  dollars  and 
eighty-four  cents,  in  full  for  services  rendered  in  their  store. 

John  Sims. 


[From  Transaction  59 — June  17.] 
$  20  00  New  York,  June  17,  1853. 

Received  of  Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh,  twenty  dollars  on  ac- 


count. 


Alfred  Graham. 


^} 


■? 


'  Ifl' 


B 


I 


132 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 


Mr.  Jonathan  Jones, 


New  York,  May  10,  1853. 


Boston. 


Dear  Sir  :  Please  ship  to  us  per  first  vessel,  twenty  barrels  new 

Mackerel  of  qualities  Nos.  1  and  3.     Let  them  be  in  good  condition,  and 

at  the  lowest  market  price.     You  are  at  liberty  to  draw  for  the  amount 

at  sight. 

Your  obedient  servants, 

Smith  &  Marsh, 


Messrs.  Smith  <&  Marsh, 

New  York. 


Boston,  May  13,  1853. 


Sirs:  Your  favor  of  the  10th  inst.  was  duly  received.  Annexed 
you  will  find  Bill  and  Bill  of  Lading  of  20  barrels  Mackerel  shipped  per 
your  order.  New  Mackerel  will  not  be  in  market  before  the  1st  July. 
The  lot  I  have  sent  you  is  the  best  the  market  affords,  and  at  the  lowest 
rate,  and  no  doubt  will  prove  satisfactory. 

Very  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Jona.  Jones. 

Boston,  May  13,  1853. 
Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh, 

New  York, 

Bought  of  Jonathan  Jones, 

10  bis.  No.  1  Mackerel,  a  7  62^ $76  25 

10"    No.  3         "  a  3  87| 38  75 

Cartage 1  60 

116  60 


MERCANTILE  FORMS. 


133 


Baltimore,  June  16,  1853. 


Messrs.  Smith  &  Marsh, 

New  York. 


Gentn.  :    I  have  this  day  drawn  on  you  at  ten  days'  sight,  in 
favor  of  C.  Huntington,  for  two  hundred  dollars  ($200). 

Please  accept  and  oblige 

Your  obedient  servant, 

W.    A.    MOALE. 


I  f 


New  York,  June  27,  1853. 


Jonathan  Jones,  Esq., 

Boston. 


Dear  Sir  :  Your  draft  on  us  at  sight,  dated  25th  inst.,  in  favor 
of  C.  Huntington,  for  $316.60,  was  presented  this  day  and  paid. 

We  beg  most  respectfully  to  inform  you  thai  you  have  drawn  for  $200 
more  than  the  balance  of  your  account.  We  refer  you  to  your  letter  of 
13lh  ult.     Be  so  kind  as  to  remit  a  sight  draft  for  that  amount. 

Your  obedient  servants, 

Smith  &;  Marsh, 

Per  Jno.  Sims. 


f 


I ; 


|Mli' 


I' 


l«lv 


MERCANTILE   CALCULATIONS. 


INTEREST   AND    DISCOUNT. 

Interest  is  a  certain  sum  charged  for  the  use  of  money  granted  by  one 
to  another.  The  rate  or  price  charged  for  the  use  of  money,  varies  in 
different  states  and  countries  ;  in  one  it  may  be  five  dollars  for  the  use  of 
one  hundred  dollars  one  year,  in  another  six,  &c.  The  rate  also  varies 
according  to  the  supply  and  demand,  as  sometimes  we  see  money  bor- 
rowed or  hired  at  the  rate  of  one  or  two  dollars  for  the  use  of  $100  one 
month— equal  to  12  and  24  per  cent,  a  year.  But  these  are  considered 
high  rates,  and  are  given  only  for  very  short  periods.  Laws  have  been 
made  in  our  country,  as  well  as  in  others,  to  limit  the  rate  of  interest  and 
prevent  these  high  rates,  which  are  denominated  usurious,  but  they  never 
have  succeeded  in  doing  it,  for  "  the  worth  of  a  thing  is  what  it  will 
bring,"  and  money,  it  appears,  makes  no  exception  to  the  saying. 

The  calculation  of  interest,  when  the  time  is  years,  is  no  more  than 
computing  the  cost  of  any  number  of  articles  at  so  many  cents  each. 
What  is  the  interest  on  $300  for  one  year  at  6  per  cent.  ?  that  is,  what 
will  the  use  of  $300  for  one  year  amount  to,  at  the  rate  of  6  cents  a 
dollar  ?  Why,  300  times  6  cents,  which  is  1800  cents,  or  $18.00.  What 
will  300  books  amount  to,  at  6  cents  a  book  ?  Why,  $18.00.  Then  hav- 
ing the  interest  for  one  year,  it  will  be  twice  as  much  for  two  years,  &c. 

Example  1. — What  is  the  interest  on  $500  for  six  months  and  grace 
(three  days),  at  6  per  cent.  ?  [From  Transaction  81- July  15.] 

Rule  for  Years.  Multiply  the  number  of  dollars  by  the  rate  per  cent, 
(or  multiply  the  rale  per  cent,  by  the  number  of  dollars),  and  the  product 
will  be  the  interest  in  cents. 


Thus — 


6 

500 


Divide  this  by    2 )  30.00  interest  for  1  year. 

15.00  interest  for  6  months. 


Example  2. — What  is  the  interest  on  $500  for  three  days  ? 

Rule  for  Days.   Multiply  the  sum  by  the  number  of  days,  and  divide 
the  product  by  6 ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  interest  in  mills. 

Thus—  500 

3 


Divisor    6)1500 


250  This  being  mills,  it  is  pointed 
off  thus  :  .25.0  and  makes  25  cents.  The  interest,  then,  on  $500  for  six 
months  and  3  days,  is  $15.25. 


I 


MERCANTILE   CALCULATIONS.  135 

NotE.— This  divisor  is  not  the  6  per  cent.,  but  it  is  a  divisor  of  6000 
with  the  ciphers  suppressed.  It  is  used  only  on  account  of  the  facility  it 
gives  in  dividing  by  so  simple  a  number  as  6  ;  but  it  must  be  understood 
to  apply  only  when  the  rate  of  interest  is  6  pevycent.  This  divisor  (6000) 
is  found  in  the  following  way :  When  wc  compute  interest  for  one  year 
at  6  per  cent.,  we  always  multiply  by  6  and  divide  by  100  ;  therefore, 
dividing  by  360  times  100  (36000)  will  give  the  interest  for  one  day  ;  and 
in  order  to  save  multiplying  by  6,  we  divide  by  \  of  36000,  which  is 
6000— because  multiplying  by  6,  and  dividing  by  36000,  produces  the 
same  result  as  dividing  by  6000.  If,  then,  we  divide  any  sum  by  6000, 
we  obtain  the  interest  on  it  for  one  day  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  per  an- 
num, and  that  interest  multiplied  by  any  number  of  days,  will  be  the  in- 
terest for  that  number  of  days  ;  but  to  avoid  a  loss  in  fractions,  we  mul- 
tiply first  and  divide  after. 

Althouoh  the  rate  of  interest  may  vary  from  6  o|o,  this  method  can  still 
be  used,  by  adding  when  it  is  more  and  subtracting  when  it  is  less  than 
6  per  cent'.  First  find  the  interest  at  6  per  cent.,  as  in  the  preceding  ex- 
amples, and  then — 

Add i  of  itself for  7  per  cent. 

Add I       "       "    8  per  cent. 

Add \       "       "    9  per  cent. 

Add....f        "       "10  per  cent. 

Subtract  1       "       "    5  per  cent. 

Subtract  i       "       "    4  per  cent. 

Thus—  ■  Divide  by  6) $15.25  interest  at  6  o|o— (Example  1.) 

2.54        "        at  1  o|o 

17.79        "       at7  0|o 

Divisors  for  the  other  common  rates  of  interest — 7  and  5  per  cent. — 
may  also  be  found,  but  as  they  would  be  composed  of  more  than  one 
figure,  they  would  be  of  no  practical  use.  The  divisors,  however,  for  the 
following  rates,  are  simple  numbers  :  At  3  per  cent,  interest  the  divisor, 
when  we  multiply  the  dollars  and  days  together,  is  12000,  at  4  percent. 
9000,  9  per  cent.  4000,  and  at  12  per  cent.  3000— which  are  divisors  as 
simple  as  the  divisor  at  6  per  cent.,  suppressing  the  ciphers. 

There  is  another  very  short  method  of  calculating  interest  (or  days, 
which  is  sometimes  shorter  than  the  one  just  stated.  Thus  :  Six  per 
cent,  for  a  year  is  3  per  cent,  for  6  months,  and  3  per  cent,  for  6  months 
is  1  per  cent  for  2  months  or  60  days  ;  therefore  the  interest  on  any  sum 
for  60  days  is  one  per  rent,  of  the  sum — that  is,  the  figures  of  the  sum  it- 
self: call  the  dollars,  cents,  and  you  have  the  interest  without  any  further 
calculation.  The  interest  on  $50  for  60  days,  at  6  per  cent,  per  annum, 
is  50  cents  ;  on  $700  for  60  days,  it  is  700  cents,  or  $7 ;  on  $425  for 
60  days,  it  is  $4.25,  &c. 


1    d 


f     I 


): 


!| 


'A 


'* 


|»if 


136 


MERCANTILE  CALCULATIONS. 


Example  3. — What  is  the  interest  on  $1,222.50,  at  6  per  cent,  for  60 
days  ? 

Instruction. — The  interest  is  one  per  cent,  of  the  amount ;  therefore 
cut  off  two  right-hand  figures ;  but  as  the  amount  contains  cents,  cut  off 
four  figures— thus,  $12,22  50.     The  interest,  then,  is  12  dollars  22j  cts. 

If  the  interest  was  required  for  three  months  instead  of  two,  you  mul- 
tiply t>y  li  ;  if  for  ''our  months,  multiply  by  2  ;  if  for  five  months,  by  2|; 
if  for  six  months,  by  3. 

Example  4.— What  is  the  interest  on  $764,  at  6  per  cent.,  for  30  days  ? 

•  Ans.  $3.82. 

Instruction. — First,  always  find  the  interest  for  60  days,  because  it 
is  the  figures  of  the  sum  itself;  and  then  take  parts.     Thus — 

$  7.64  interest  for  60  days. 


3.82  interest  for  30  days. 


Example  5.— What  is  the  interest  on  $1315.75,  at  6  per  cent.,  for  20 
days? — Ans.  $4.38^. 

$13.15.75  interest  for  60  days. 
Of  60  days  20  is  |     4.38.58  interest  for  20  days. 

Example  6. — What  is  the  interest  on  $912.50,  for  13  days,  at  6  per 
cent.? — Ans.  $1  97.7, 

$9.12.50  interest  for  60  days. 


Of  60  days  10  is  J     1.52.08  interest  for  10  days. 
**         "       3is^L       45.62  interest  for     3  days. 

1  97.70  interest  for  13  days. 


Or,  by  another  and  perhaps  a  simpler  method,  as  in  Example  2  :  Multi- 
ply the  sum  by  the  days,  and  divide  the  product  by  6.  This  divisor  (6) 
is  6000 ;  therefore  the  quotient  will  be  the  interest  in  mills,  and  you  must 
separate  the  figures  accordingly. 

Thus—  $912.50 

13 

273750 
91250 

6)11862.50 

L97.70    ^71*.  $1.97  and  7  mills. 


MERCANTILE  CALCULATIONS. 


137 


Example  7.— What  is  the  interest  on   $90.00,  at  6  per  cent    for  4 
months  and  17  days  ? — Ans.  $2.15. 

.90  cents  interest  for  2  months. 
2 


1.80 

interest 

for  4  months. 

Of  60 

days, 

15 

is 

1 

4 

22 

u 

(( 

2 

is 

A 

3 

2.05  interest  for  4  months  17  days. 

Or  multiply,  as  in  example  2,  by  the  days  in  4  months  and  17  days, 
and  divide  by  6000. 

Thus—  137  days. 

90  dollars. 


6)12330 


2.05.5— Interest,  $2.05. 


Note. — This  method,  of  multiplying  by  the  days  and  dividing  by  6, 
although  generally  used,  is  not  exactly  correct ;  it  gives  y'g^  part  more 
than  the  exact  interest,  because  the  rule  supposes  a  year  to  be  360  days. 
The  error  is  corrected  by  deducting  Jg^  (about  1^  cents  on  each  dollar  of 
interest)  of  the  interest  so  found,  from  itself.     Thus,  in  Example  6 — 

The  interest  is  $2.05 

Which  divide  by  73  3  cents  nearly. 

$2.02  exact  interest. 


COMMISSION 


Example  1. — What  is  the  commission  on  $462,  at  5  per  cent.  ? 

Ans.  $23.10 

Instruction. — Commission  is  a  certain  per  cent,  without  regard  to 
time.  The  more  common  rates  are  2^,  5,  and  7^  per  cent.  The  usual 
method  of  calculating  commission  is  to  multiply  by  the  per  cent.,  and  di- 
vide by  100 ;  but  the  shortest  method  is  to  find  the  commission  at  10  per 
cent.,  and  divide  by  2  for  5  per  cent..,  by  4  for  2 J-  per  cent.,  and  by  f  (or 
74  per  cent.  There  is  not  much  difference,  however,  between  the  two 
ways.  The  advantage  of  this  plan  is,  that  multiplying  by  10  is  only  add- 
ing the  0.     Thus — 

Divide  by     2  )  46.20  commission  at  10  per  cent. 


$23.10 


(( 


at    5  per  cent. 


I' I 


Jfj 


if       * 


i; 


nf      I 


k 


138 


MERCANTILE  CALCULATIONS. 


Example  2. — Wliat  is  the  commission  at  5  per  cent,  on  $10371.50? 

Ans,  $518.57f 
$1037.15.00  commission  at  10  per  cent. 


Divide  by  2  )    518.57.50 


(( 


at    5  per  cent. 


Example  3. — What  is  the  commission  at  2  J  per  cent,  on  $561.50? 

Ans.  $14.03|. 
$56.15  00  commission  at  10  per  cent. 


Divide  by  4  )       14.03.75 


K 


at  2  J  per  cent. 


Example  4. — What  is  the  commission  on  $980.40  at  7^  per  cent.  ? 

I  Ans.  $73.53. 

$98.04.00  commission  at  10  per  cent. 

Divide  by  2  )    49.02.00 
"       by  2)   24.51.00 


73.53.00 


t( 

at 

5  per  cent. 

It 

at 

2i  "    cent. 

(1 

at 

7i  "    cent. 

INSUEANCE. 


Example  1. — What  must  be  paid  to  insure  $5,000  at  11  per  cent.  ? 

Ans.  $75. 
Instruction. — 5000  times  1^  cts.,  or  multiply  by  1 J  and  divide  by  100. 

Example  2. — What  must  be  paid  to  insure  $5,620  at  2  per  cent.,  cov- 
ering the  insurance  or  premium  and  policy  $1.25  ? — Ans.  $115.97.' 

Instruction. — Covering  the  premium  means  to  get  the  cost  of  insu- 
rance insured,  so  that  if  the  goods  are  lost,  you  do  not  lose  anything.  In 
this  calculation  you  multiply  the  amount  by  100,  and  divide  by  100,  less 
the  rate  of  insurance.     Thus — 

$5620.00 

1.25  policy. 


100     5621.25 
2  100 


98)562125.00(5735.97 

5620.00 


$115.97 


Qwe*.— What  amount  do  you  get  insured  ?     Ans.  The  policy  will  be 
drawn  for  $5,735.97. 


MERCANTILE  CALCULATIONS. 


139 


Example  3. — What  amount  must  the  policy  be  drawn  for.  to  secure 
$660.50,  including  policy  $1.25,  at  2^  per  cent.  ?  And  wh;it  must  be 
paid  to  the  insurance  company  ?  Ans.  Policy  drawn  for  $678.72  ;  pji} 
the  company  $18.22. 

$660.50 

1.25  policy. 


100.         661.75 
2.50  100 


97.50  )  66175.00  (  678.72 

660.50 


18.22 


EQUATION^    OF   PAYMEIS^TS. 

By  equation  of  payments,  we  ascertain  the  time  when  several  sums, 
due  at  different  times,  may  be  paid  in  one  payment,  so  that  neither  the 
payer  nor  receiver  will  gain  in  time.  The  proof  is  o.btained  through  in- 
terest ;  for  whatever  interest  would  be  produced  by  the  circumstances 
previous  to  the  equation,  should  also  be  produced  after  the  equation. 

To  prove  the  equation  in  the  first  example  that  follows,  find  the  interest 
on  the  sums  that  precede  the  equated  time  (21st  May)  for  the  days  that 
each  precedes,  and  also  the  interest  on  those  that  succeed  that  time  ;  and 
these  two  amounts  of  interest  should  be  equal.  The  remainders  will 
generally  prevent  the  operation  from  proving  to  a  fraction. 

Example  1. — Sold  merchandise  to  H.  Austin,  as  follows :  when  is  the 
whole  due  in  one  payment? — Ans.  May  21. 

May  6,  bill  of $50 

"      9,      »       75 

"    15,      "       80 

"27,      "       120 

"30,      "       150 

Instruction. — Multiply  each  sum  by  its  number  of  days  from  the  first 
sum,  and  divide  the  amount  of  the  products  by  the  amount  of  the  original 
sums.     Thus — 

$50      X     0     =         0 

73      X     3     =     225 

80     X     9     =     720 

120      X    21      =   2520 

150      X    24     =^   3600 

475  -^  7065  =  15  days  nearly. 

The  above  quotient  is  15  days  from  May  6 ;  the  answer  is  May  21. 


if  1 1 


(  ( 


f  I 


if 


141/  MERCANTILE  CALCULATIONS. 

Example  2.— Sold  merchandise  to  P.  Harris  as  follows :  when  is  th© 
amount  due  in  one  payment  ? — Ans.  June  7. 

May  10,  bill  of $  40  00 

"     15,  "     65  38 

"     27,  "  90  50 

"     30,  "  120  40 

June    6,  "  50  20 

"     20,  "  110  90 

"     25,  " 148  00 

Instruction.— Multiply  each  sum  by  its  number  of  days  from  the  first 
sum,  as  in  the  preceding  example  ;  the  cents  may  be  omitted  in  the  cal- 
culation. The  quotient  will  be  27  nearly,  which  is  27  days  from  May  10  • 
the  answer  is  June  7. 

Example  3.— Sold  merchandise  to  James  Truman  as  follows  :  when  is 
tlie  amount  due  1—Ans.  December  9. 

May  20,  bill  at  6  months $120 

"     25,      "      6       "       310 

June    6,      "      6       "       150 

"     16,      "      6       "       [.270 

"     25,      "      6       "       340 

Instruction.— The  answer  to  this  question  is  obtained  by  the  same 
process  as  in  the  previous  question,  with  this  difference  only— the  amount 
is  due  SIX  months  after  the  equated  time.     Thus— 

120  X  0  =           0 

310  X  5  =      1550 

150  X  16  =     2400 

270  X  26  =     7020 

340  X  35  =11900 

1190  -^  22870  =  la 

The  quotient  is  19  days  from  May  20,  which  is  June  9  ;  this  is  the  date 
at  which  the  six  months  commences,  therefore  the  answer  is  Dec.  9. 

Example  4.— Suppose  the  following  sums  to  be  on  the  Dr.  side  of  John 
Stevens'  account,  when  is  the  total  due  ? 

1853. 

May  11,  Cash $  50  00 

"     29,  Our  Note,  due  Aug.  29, '53 ,.   112  77 

"     30,  Cash 150  OO 

June  6,  Merchandise,  per  Bill  rendered  ...  21  76 
'*     25,   Merchandise,       "  "  23  00 

July    4,  J.  Jones'  Draft  at  sight 200  00 

Total 557  53 

Instruction.— Multiply  each  sum  by  the  number  of  days  in  which  it 


MERCANTILE   CALCULATIONS. 


141 


will  be  due  from  and  after  the  first  date  (May  11),  and  divide?  the  amount 
of  the  products  by  the  total ;  the  quotient  will  be  so  many  days  after 
May  11.     Thus- 

=  0 

=  12,430 
=  2,850 
=  572 
=  1,035 
=   10,800 


50 

X 

0 

113 

X 

110 

150 

X 

19 

22 

X 

26 

23 

X 

45 

200 

X 

54 

558  -T-         )  27,687  (49  days  after  May  1 1  =  June  30. 

Ans.  Total,  $557.53 ;  due  June  30,  '53. 

Example  5. — It  has  become  very  much  the  custom  to  average  accounts, 
and  thereby  to  show  when  the  balance  is  due,  instead  of  calculating  inter- 
est on  each  sum  and  making  a  balance  duo  at  the  time  the  account  is 
made  out. 

When  is  the  balance  of  the  following  account  due  ? 


Dr. 


John  Paul  in  Acct.  with  Smith  &  Marsh. 


Cr. 


May 

1 
31 

For  Merchdse.  at  6  mos., 
due  Nov.  4,  '53 

1600 
600 

$200 

00 
00 

00 

1853. 

Sept 
Dee. 

1 
31 

For  Cash 

$400 
200 

600 

00 

Balance  due  March  1 2,  '54 

00 
00 

Dee. 

Balance  due  Mar.  12,  '54. 

Rule. — Always  calculate  from  the  date  of  the  larger  side — calling  that 
the  debtj  and  the  other  side  a  payment  on  account  of  it.  Multiply  the 
amount  of  the  small  side  by  the  number  of  days  that  intervene  between 
its  date  and  the  date  of  the  larger  side,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  bal- 
ance of  the  account ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  number  of  days  before  or 
after  the  date  of  the  larger  side. 


Calculation — 


$400 

64  The  days  that  intervene. 


The  Balance . .  $200 )  25600 

128 . .  days  after  Nov.  4,  equal  to  Mar.  12, '54. 

If  the  payment  be  made  before  the  debt  is  due,  the  balance  will  be  due 
after  the  debt  was  due  ;  and  vice  versa. 

In  this  case  the  payment  ($400)  was  made  64  days  before  the  debt  of 
$600  was  due  ;  therefore  the  balance  has  to  run  128  days  after  Novem- 
ber 4,  and  becomes  due  March  12. 


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MERCANTILE  CALCULATIONS. 


Example  6. — When  an  account  contains  several  sums,  each  side  must 
be  averaged  separately,  so  as  to  fix  a  date  to  the  amount  of  each  side ; 
the  case  will  then  be  like  Example  5. 

When  is  the  balance  of  the  following  account  due  ? 

[From  the  Leger  — folio  5.] 


Dr, 


John  Stevens  in  Acct.  with  Smith  &  Marsh.  Cr. 


1853. 

May 

11 

«< 

29 

ii 

30 

June 

6 

(1 

25 

July 

4 

July 

81 

For  Cash 

For  our  Note,  due  Aug. 
29,  '53 

For  Cash 

For  Merchandise,  per  Bill 

For  Merchandise,    "     " 

For  J.  Jones'  Draft  at  si't 

Total  due  June  80 

Balance  due  Apl.  18,  *53 


1 50 
112 


21 

23 
200 


557 

55 


00 

77 
00 
76 
00 
00 

53 
24 


1853. 

May 


June 


25 
26 

17 


612  77 


1853. 
July 


For  Cash 

For  Merchdse.  at  3  mos., 
due  Aug.  29 

For  Cash 

Total  due  June  28 


81 


Balance  due  April  13,  '58 


$200 

112 

800 


612 


612 


55 


00 

77 
00 

77 


77 
24 


Instruction, — Each  side  of  the  above  account  must  be  averaged  sep- 
arately (as  in  Example  4),  which  reduces  the  account  to  the  condition  of 
Example  5.  The  totals  fall  due  as  above— June  30  and  June  23.  Now 
the  question  is,  when  is  the  balance  of  the  account  due  ? 

Rule. — Always  calculate  from  the  date  of  the  larger  side,  calling  that 
the  dehty  and  the  other  side  a  payment  an  account  of  it. 

Multiply  the  amount  of  the  smaller  side  by  the  number  of  days  that 
intervene  between  its  date  and  the  date  of  the  larger  side,  and  divide  the 
product  by  the  balance  of  the  account ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  number 
of  days  before  or  after  the  date  of  the  larger  side. 


Calculation — 


$557 

7  days  that  intervene. 


The  Balance...55)  3899(71  days  before  June  23  — equal  to 

April  13,  1853. 

The  payment  of  $557  was  made  7  days  after  the  debt  of  $612  was 
due ;  therefore  the  balance  averages  due  71  days  before  June  23. 

Note. — If  an  account-current  were  made  out  with  interest  calculated 
on  each  sum  of  the  account  up  to  the  date  on  which  the  balance  averages 
due,  the  Dr.  and  Cr.  inteiests  would  equal ;  because  at  that  date  the  bal- 
ance is  due,  and  no  interest  arises  to  either  party. 


rO   TEACHEES. 


It  may  be  that  I  attach  undue  importance  to  the  branch  to  which  1  have 
devoted  so  many  years  of  my  life ;  but  I  think  it  is  generally  admitted  that 
book-keeping  receives  loo  little  attention  in  schools,  and  I  can  not  pass  this 
opportunity  without  urging  on  you  the  propriety  of  a  renewed  effort  to  raise  it 
to  a  level,  at  least,  with  the  other  branches  usually  taught  in  schools.  Pupils 
are  kept  for  years  studying  grammar,  arithmetic,  writing,  geography,  &c., 
while  book-keeping  is  often  slighted  over  with  a  few  weeks'  instruction,  which, 
devoted  to  any  other  branch,  would  produce  nothing.  How  can  we  expect  a 
scholar  to  learn  book-keeping  in  three  months,  when  it  takes  him  three  years 
to  learn  arithmetic,  or  geography,  or  grammar  ! 

You  are  doubtless  aware  that  a  few  pages  of  bills  of  goods  bought  and  sold, 
which  can  be  written  and  re- written  in  a  week's  time,  can  hardly  afford  mate- 
rial enough  to  interest  the  pupil,  or  make  an  impression  on  his  mind,  much 
less  to  familiarize  him  in  any  degree  with  the  account-books  in  common  use, 
or  the  commonest  daily  occurrences  in  business.  Hence  the  undeniable  utility 
and  necessity  for  a  large  number  of  business  transactions  arranged  expressly 
to  form  a  long  course  of  practice,  even  though  many  of  them  be  repetitions ; 
for  without  the  business  there  would  be  little  to  work  with,  to  study,  or  to 
practise  on.  It  is  not  enough  that  a  pupil  should  understand ;  he  should  also  be 
able  to  perform,  to  execute  — and  this  ability  he  can  acquire  only  by  practice, 
which  means  repetition. 

The  course  of  instruction  presented  you  in  these  pages  will  furnish  the  pupil 
in  school  with  about  three  months'  work  in  matters  relating  to  accounts  and 
business ;  and  I  doubt  not  that,  under  your  guidance  and  instruction,  the  result 
will  be,  as  it  should  be,  a  neat  and  well-written  set  of  books,  which  will  be 
creditable  to  himself  and  gratifying  to  his  parents  or  friends. 

Among  the  reasons  why  book-keeping  should  form  a  prominent  course  of 
study,  and  why  the  pupil  should  pass  through  it  before  leaving  school,  is  that, 
aside  from  the  ideas  he  is  certain  to  gain  of  accounts,  it  will  review  him  in 
several  of  his  previous  studies.  It  will  put  into  practice  his  arithmetic,  his 
writing,  and  his  orthography  ;  it  will  accustom  him  to  a  just  arrangement  of 
figures  and  sentences  ;  and  as  the  various  operations  admit  of  proof  or  balance, 
it  will  teach  him  the  importance  of  being  careful  in  order  to  be  correct. 

This  book  is  designed  to  furnish  a  first  course  in  book-keeping,  and  the  one 
on  double-entry  the  second  course.  Both  books  are  respectfully  submitted, 
hoping  you  will  find  them,  what  they  were  intended  to  he,  convenient  text- 

books  • 

THE  AUTHOR. 

New  York,  March,  1858. 


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